The developments in the field of solar cells need to create a new material to improve the electrical properties, which leads to an increase in conversion efficiency. So, in this paper, nanocrystalline Tin dioxide (SnO2) as a thin film were synthesized and deposited on Titanium dioxide using chemical Spray pyrolysis thechniqe (CSPT). The mixed aqueous solution of Tin chloride (SnCl2) was prepeared at room temperature using magnatic stirr and sprayted on glass slide at 300 °C. Our results indicated that the prepared films are smooth, homogeneous and have good adhesion to the substrate. The results of structural properties revealed that the synthesis films are polycrystalline in nature with prefer orientations (110) and (101) for SnO2 and TiO2 respectively. The optical properties results using UV-Vis spectrophotometer analysis shows that high transmittance (grater than 70 %) and wide optical energy gap 3.97, 3.93 and 3.88 eV for TiO2, SnO2 and SnO2/TiO2 respectivly.
Nanocrystalline Zinc Oxide (ZnO) were deposited at three different temperature (250, 300 and 350 ºC) using chemical spray pyrolysis technique (CSPT) on glass and p-type porous silicon as a substrates separately. The pours silicon was prepared by using an electrochemical etching process under a density of 40 mA/cm2 for 10 minutes. Surface morphology results using atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed that the prepared films nanocrystalline structures, homogeneous surfaces with small small roughness and covering all the surface of the substrate. The results which deduced from optical properties shows that the films have high transmittance with low absorption in the visible region. The optical energy gap values were (3.75, 3.8 and 3.85 eV) of films prepared at ( 250, 300, 350 ºC) respectivly. The electrical results shows that junctions are abrupt type and values of built in voltage of the prepared junctions 250, 300, 350 ºC were 1.1, 0.7 and 0.5 respectively.
Engine lubricants are viscous petrochemical products that are essentially formulated for the lubrication of moving parts in an engine. With the declining production of fossil oil reserves, the need to recycle used lubricating oils arises more than ever. Coincidentally, engine lubricant loses its properties and cannot be used as required. Hence, this paper comparatively studies the treatment effects of the three months used lubricating oil (5W-30) with a binary solvent mixture [(methanol (70%)/n-hexane (30%)] at a 5:1 solvent to oil mixing ratio with potassium hydroxide as a coagulant at 120 oC and solvent expulsion for 30 minutes. The last stage of clarification was achieved with the physical adsorption of analytical grade activated charcoal at 150 oC for 1 hour and centrifugation at 300 rpm for 1 hour, resulting in a reddish-transparent colored base oil. Eight selected physicochemical parameters (pH, specific gravity, dynamic viscosity, ash content, flash point, pour point, percentage water content, and metallic compositions) were evaluated with the fresh engine oil (FEO), three-month old engine oil (UEO), and the treated engine oil (TEO). The results obtained at 95% confidence levels with respect to the entire parameters were significantly justified with the treatment methods that generated 95.7% recovery. The approach has been demonstrated to be technically feasible, sustainable and ecologically friendly.
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