Objective:To determine frequency of Low Birth Weight (LBW) at term and to determine frequency of various associated risk factors.Methods:This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Layari General Hospital and Dow University of Health Sciences Karachi between January 2007 to July 2008. Women with singleton pregnancy of 37 and above completed weeks were identified. Those women who gave birth to babies with less than 2500gm were recruited in the study. In all those patients who gave birth to LBW babies risk factors were assessed. The variables including age, parity, booking status, maternal weight and height, socioeconomic condition, smoking, fetal gender and birth weight were noted on a questionare. The data was analyzed on SPSS Version 15. Frequency of LBW and its associated risk factors were determined.Results:During study period 10.6% patients delivered LBW babies. Antenatal care was not received in 67% patients. Parity was less than three in 87%. In 26% of patients maternal weight was less than 50 kg and in 37% patients with LBW, maternal height was less than five feet. Majority of patients were anaemic (72%) including 20% with haemoglobin < 7 grams.Conclusion:LBW is associated with a group of factors which may be regarded as high risk factors. These include low socio economic status, anaemia, primiparity, short maternal height and less than average weight.

Objectives : To determine whether paternal factors i.e., age, tobacco use and genital tract infection increase the risk for spontaneous first trimester miscarriage. Methodology : This case control study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Unit V / IV, Dow Medical College & Lyari General Hospital, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan. Duration of study was two and half years, from Nov, 2007 to Apr, 2010. Inclusion criteria were pregnant women with age 20 – 35 years irrespective of parity. Exclusion criteria were known medical illness in either partner, induced abortion and recurrent miscarriages. Studied paternal factors were age, tobacco use and genital tract infection. Data was computed using SPSS version 16. Significance of paternal factors was determined by Logistic Regression Analysis. Results : Total cases studied were 200, while there were 400 controls. Mean maternal age was 27.6±4.9 years in cases and 26.5±4.5 years in controls. Mean paternal age was 35.5±6.2 years in cases and 32.3±5.4 years in controls. Paternal age was >35 years in 54.5% cases and 16.8% controls. Spearman Bivariate correlation revealed paternal age > 35 years (p=0.000) and genital tract infection (p=0.043) as significant factors. Only paternal age >35 years (p=0.000) remained significant in Final Model after entering into logistic regression. Conclusion: Paternal age beyond 35 years was found to be significantly related to first trimester spontaneous miscarriages.

Objective:To assess the outcome and safety of sacrohysteropexy as uterus conserving surgery for pelvic organ prolapse in young women and to assess patients’ satisfaction with the procedure.Methods:This is a case series of patients operated at Sind Government Lyari General Hospital and Civil Hospital Karachi, between January, 2007 to October, 2015. Data of the patients who had sacrohysteropexy were reviewed. Complications during surgery and post-operative period including haemorrhage, visceral injury, paralytic ileus and peritonitis were studied. Success of procedure, need of blood transfusion, hospital stay and condition on discharge and six weeks follow-up were noted. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Mean ± SD was calculated for numerical, while frequencies were computed for categorical variables.Results:Data of 60 patients were reviewed. Early post-operative success was 100%. Duration of surgery was less than two hours in 57 (95%) patients. Blood loss was negligible in majority of cases. Out of all 60 cases, 52 (86.7%) did not suffer any complication. One patient had ureteric injury, while one patient sustained bowel injury. Two patients had paralytic ileus. Four patients suffered from abdominal wound infection. All patients were managed satisfactorily. Mean duration of stay in hospital was four days. Upon follow up 96.7% patients were satisfied with results of operative procedure. Sixteen (26.7%) patients complained of backache on follow-up visit.Conclusion:This review concludes that sacrohysteropexy was successful in all cases in early post-operative period. It is a safe procedure and should be considered as an option for the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse in young women, in whom uterine conservation is required.

Objective: To see the correlation of menstrual cycle factors with time to achieve a pregnancy, in a cross sectional survey of a tertiary care hospital in karachi. Study Design: A cohort study and convenience sampling technique was used. Place and Duration of Study: The outpatient department of OBGYN, The Dow University Hospital, from June 2020 till June 2021. Methodology: All the women who were coming to antenatal clinic and were eligible with the inclusion criteria were interviewed in the OPD (outpatient department).The research instrument used for the study was a self-developed questionnaire, which comprised of demographics, reproductive and medical history and life style and behavioral factors in close ended questions on the menstrual cycle patterns. Results: among the participants with age of menarche ≤14 years old 98.2% reported for regular menstrual cycle, 6.5% reported for less than 25 days of cycle length, 5.3% reported for less than 3-days of bleeding duration, 68.8% were currently pregnant, out of which 53% conceived after trying for conception between 6-9 months. , in samples with menarche age more than 15-years old 90.3% reported for regular menstrual cycle, 33.3% reported for 27-29 days of cycle length, 31.9% reported for less than 3-days of bleeding duration, 72.2% were currently pregnant, 37% conceived after trying for conception from 6-9 months. Conclusion: Therefore from this study we concluded that late menarche (>15 years), prolonged cycles and decrease bleeding days are the associated factors with decrease fecundity in terms of prolonged time to achieve pregnancy in our study population. KeyWords: Menarche, Time to pregnancy, fertility, menstrual cycle.