The ab~lity of the ribbed mussel Geukensia demissa (Dillwyn) to ingest and absorb refractory lignocellulosic carbon was evaluated using 14C-radiotracer techniques. Mussels were maintained in a simulated tidal cycle of 6 h submergence and 6 h exposure and were fed on [14C]lignocellulose during the first submergence period. The mean (f SD) absorption efficiency for 14C was 13.3 + 2.5 % in an experiment performed in January 1985, and 14.2 f 1.6 % in a second experiment conducted in March 1985. Approximately 29 % of absorbed I4C was respired and 31 % incorporated into the proteidlipid fraction of the mussel. Mean (k SDI cellulose concentration in seston samples collected in the summer from a small creek dralmng a Delaware salt marsh was 66 + 28 pg I-'. It was estimated that adult ribbed mussels in this marsh could obtain 15 % of their total carbon requirements in the summer by utilization of refractory cellulosic material.
The vascular plant Spartina alterniflora Loisel., grown in an atmosphere containing '"CO2, was chem~cally treated to produce a lignocellulosic, crude f~b e r material containing 0 1 ' 10 lipid, no measurable protein, 4.4 Yo starch, 85.4 % cellulose and 7.7 YO lignin. This material was introduced. via syringe through the mouth, into the stomachs of oysters Crassostrea virginjca; these were then held for 24 h in 13 ppt filter-sterilized seawater at 25 "C. A second group of C, virginica was treated identically, except for the addition of 5 mg I-' of the antibiotics chlorarnphenlcol and rifampicin to both food material and seawater. Direct enumeration (DAPI) of bacteria demonstrated that treatment with antibiotics eliminated bacteria from the oysters' stomach fluid. The I4C specific activities of cell-free hemolymph and tissue samples taken 24 h after feeding indicated that oysters were able to digest and absorb carbon from the S. alterniflora mater~al with a mean efficiency of 1.3 %. There were no significant differences (ANOVA, p > 0.05) in the digestion and absorption of I4C material between antibiotic treated and untreated oysters. Furthermore, in vjtro cellulolytic activities of tissue homogenates of antibiotic treated oysters were not significantly different (ANOVA, p > 0.05) from those of untreated oysters. These results indicate that oysters are able to digest only small amounts of refractory cellulosic material and that this process is not enhanced by bacterla present in the stomach. In vitro characterization of the cellulolytic enzymes of the crystalline style of C. virginica under aseptic conditions indicated the presence of P-1,4-glucanase (Cx cellulase) activity that released oligosaccharides from the S. alterniflora material. Neither C, cellulase, capable of degrading crystalline cellulose, nor $-glucosidase activities were detected, using cotton fibre and cellobiose as substrates, respectively. These results suggest that the principal function of style cellulase activity is the partial depolymerisation of refractory amorphous cellulose, perhaps aiding the digestion of algal cells and detritus.
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