Background Chronic inhalation of air pollutants may causebronchoconstriction, bronchiolitis, and edema of airway, thus alterlung volume. To measure the lung volume, a simple lung functiontest, the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), can provide a feature oflung volume in liters/minute.Objective The purpose of this study was to measure PEFR val-ues of primary school children in a high air pollution level area(Medan) and compare the results with the PEFR values of those ina low air pollution level area (Tebing Tinggi).Methods A cross sectional study was conducted on primary schoolchildren (10-12 years of age) during May-July 2000 in Medan andTebing Tinggi. Data were obtained by questionnaires. Physical ex-amination included age, sex, height, weight, and PEFR value. PEFRvalues were measured by Mini Wright peak expiratory flow meter(MPFM) from three blows. The highest volume was taken as thePEFR value. Statistical analysis was done by t-test and p<0.05was considered significant.Results There were 212 primary school children eligible for thisstudy; 107 came from the high air pollution level area and 105from the low air pollution level area. The PEFR values did not dif-fer significantly between the two groups (p>0.05)Conclusion PEFR values in a high air population level area werenot statistically different compared with those in low air pollutionlevel area
Objective To investigate the clinical aspects and result of Mantoux test in superficial lymphadenitis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) compared to that caused by non-MTB organisms.
BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) remains to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The immune defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) is complicated. Interferon gamma (IFN-g) is the main cytokine involved in the immune response of TB. To date, the role of +874 A/T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and TB disease susceptibility continue to be controversial.
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of +874 A/T SNP and TB disease susceptibility of pediatric population in North Sumatera, Indonesia
METHODS: A case control study was conducted in Medan and Batubara, North Sumatera, Indonesia from January to December 2016. A total of 51 children with TB and 51 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Subjects were 2 months to 14 years old age children diagnosed with TB and written informed consent from the parents or the caregivers to participate. Subjects were withdrawn from the study when immunodeficiency condition was found or suffered from other infection disease. DNA samples were obtained from all of the subjects. +874 A/T SNP was identified by performing the amplification refractory mutational system - polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) method. IFN-g levels were measured by using human enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay/ELISA. Data analysis was performed using chi square and Mann Whitney test. p value <0.05 was considered significant.
RESULTS: The result of this study reveals the presence of AA, AT and TT genotype in TB patients were 31 (60.8%), 20 (39.2%) and 0 (0%); respectively (p=0.023). Significant decreased production of IFN-g levels (p=0.042) were found in TB patients 9.41 (1.10 – 28.06) pg/ml.
CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated significant evidence of the role of +874 A/T SNP and TB disease susceptibility of pediatric population in North Sumatera, Indonesia predominantly AA genotype. Significant decreased production of IFN-g reported among pediatric TB.
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