In flowering plants, LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN 1 (LHP1)/TERMINAL FLOWER 2 (TFL2) is known to interact with polycomb group (PcG) and non-PcG proteins and control developmental programs. LHP1/TFL2 is an ancient protein and has been characterized in the early-divergent plant Physcomitrella patens. However, interacting partners of PpLHP1 other than the chromomethylase PpCMT have not been identified to date. Also, while functional polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) is known to exist in P. patens, there is no experimental evidence to support the existence of PRC1-like complexes in these mosses. In this study, using proteinÀprotein interaction methods, transient expression assays and targeted gene knockout strategy, we report the conserved properties of LHP1/TFL2 using the Physcomitrella system. We show that a PRC1-like core complex comprising of PpLHP1 and the putative PRC1 Really Interesting New Gene (RING)finger proteins can form in vivo. Also, the interaction between PpRING and the PRC2 subunit PpCLF further sheds light on the possible existence of combinatorial interactions between the Polycomb Repressive Complex (PRC) in early land plants. Based on the interaction between PpLHP1 and putative hnRNP PpLIF2-like in planta, we propose that the link between PpLHP1 regulation and RNA metabolic processes was established early in plants. The conserved subnuclear distribution pattern of PpLHP1 in moss protonema further provides insight into the manner in which LHP1/TFL2 are sequestered in the nucleoplasm in discrete foci. The PpLHP1 loss-of-function plants generated in this study share some of the pleiotropic defects with multiple aberrations reported in lhp1/tfl2. Taken together, this work documents an active role for PpLHP1 in epigenetic regulatory network in P. patens.

OsMADS29 (M29) is a seed-specific MADS-box transcription factor involved in programmed cell death of nucellar tissue and maintaining auxin:cytokinin homeostasis. It affects embryo and endosperm development and starch filling during seed development in rice. Its expression seems to be tightly regulated by developmental, spatial, and temporal cues; however, cis- and trans-regulatory factors that affect its expression are largely unknown. In silico analysis of the 1.7 kb upstream regulatory region (URR) consisting of 1,290 bp promoter and 425 bp 5′-UTR regions revealed several auxin-responsive and seed-specific cis-regulatory elements distributed across the URR. In this study, the analysis of four URR deletions fused to a downstream β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter in transgenic rice has revealed the presence of several proximal positive elements and a strong distal negative element (NE). The promoter regions containing auxin-responsive elements responded positively to the exogenous application of auxins to transgenic seedlings. The proximal positive elements are capable of driving reporter expression in both vegetative and reproductive tissues. In contrast, the NE strongly suppresses reporter gene expression in both vegetative and reproductive tissues. In a transient onion peel assay system, the NE could reduce the efficacy of a 2x CaMV 35S promoter by ∼90%. Our results indicate the existence of a complex array of positive and negative regulatory regions along with auxin-responsive elements guiding the development-dependent and spatial expression of M29.

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OsMADS29 (M29) is a crucial regulator of seed development in rice. The expression of M29 is strictly regulated at transcriptional as well as post‐transcriptional levels. The MADS‐box proteins are known to bind to DNA as dimers. However, in the case of M29, the dimerization also plays a vital role in its localization into the nucleus. The factor(s) that affect oligomerization and nuclear transport of MADS proteins have not yet been characterized. By using BiFC in transgenic BY‐2 cell lines and Yeast‐2‐hybrid assay (Y2H), we show that calmodulin (CaM) interacts with M29 in a Ca2+‐dependent manner. This interaction specifically takes place in the cytoplasm, probably in association with the endoplasmic reticulum. By generating domain‐specific deletions, we show that both sites in M29 are involved in this interaction. Further, by using BiFC‐FRET‐FLIM, we demonstrate that CaM may also help in the dimerization of two M29 monomers. Since most MADS proteins have CaM binding domains, the interaction between these proteins could be a general regulatory mechanism for oligomerization and nuclear transport.

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