<p class="awabstrak2">Haemonchosis in sheep and goats has a high prevalence rate in several regions in Indonesia and causes economic losses. The purpose of this paper is to explain the clinical symptoms and pathological aspects of <em>Haemonchus contortus</em> infection so that knowledge is expected to help in controlling haemonchosis. Clinical symptoms of haemonchosis is characterised by decreased production, cachexia, and severe anaemia due to worms that sucking blood from the abomasal mucosa. In chronic infections the symptoms shows general oedema. Gross pathological findings are pale mucosa and carcass, hydrothorax, ascites, and haemorrhagic abomasum. Whereas histopathological features shows desquamation of villous abomasum, extensive hemorrhage of abomasal mucosa-submucosa, infiltration of large numbers of eosinophil and mononuclear cells, and cells undergoing degeneration and necrosis of internal organs. In general, the above exposure will show that haemonchosis usually associated with anaemia, cachexia, oedema, haemorrhage, infiltration of eosinophil and mononuclear cells in the abomasal mucosa.</p>
Heavy metal toxicity in livestock animals will affect and damage the body organs. The animals that are exposed to heavy metal residues will suffer pain and experience pathological changes in body organs that support the metabolic function of the body's work. Some organs lead to the specific diagnosis of specific contaminating heavy metals. Examination of pathological changes in the body of animals will help a lot in diagnosing, handling animals that are exposed to certain heavy metal toxicity. The respiratory tract, digestive tract and reproductive tract in animals can direct the detection of the effects of toxicity of certain heavy metal. Organs that experience pathological changes can also to help diagnose contamination due to certain heavy metals. The purpose of this writing is to help adding the knowledge of pathological changes regarding heavy metal toxicity Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Cooper (Cu), Mercury (Hg), Mangan (Mn) and Lead (Pb), in the organs of animals.
<em>Inflamatory bowel disease</em> (IBD) pada hewan kecil merupakan kasus penyakit saluran pencernaan kronis dengan penyebab belum diketahui secara pasti. Gejala klinis IBD mirip dengan penyakit pada saluran pencernaan lainnya, jarang ditemukan secara langsung dan pengobatan yang diberikan umumnya belum dapat menyelesaikan penyakit pasien. Kombinasi beberapa pemeriksaan penunjang sangat membantu dalam menetapkan diagnosa untuk pengobatan yang tepat. Seekor anjing Yorksire Terrier jantan umur 11 tahun dirujuk ke Rumah Sakit Hewan Pendidikan Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan Institut Pertanian Bogor untuk pemeriksaan ultrasonografi dan endoskopi. Keluhan utama berupa muntah sejak 2 minggu sebelumnya, muntah sebanyak 1-4 kali/hari dengan frekuensi semakin meningkat. Penanganan dokter yang merujuk berupa obat antibiotik dan anti muntah namun tidak ada perubahan. Hasil pemeriksaan darah menunjukkan peningkatan hemoglobin, hematokrit, monosit, neutrofil dan ureum darah, serta penurunan nilai trombosit, lipase dan total protein. Hasil radiografi menunjukkan akumulasi cairan di lambung, penebalan dinding lambung, akumulasi gas di usus kecil dan usus besar dan penebalan dinding usus serta tidak terlihat adanya tanda-tanda benda asing. Hasil endoskopi menunjukkan adanya oesofagitis, megaoesofagus pars thorakalis, perlukaan dinding oesofagus pars thorakalis, peradangan lambung dan tidak ditemukannya benda asing. Hasil pemeriksaan ultrasonografi menunjukkan adanya cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, gastritis dan penebalan signifikan pada bagian usus halus daerah duodenum proksimal. Terapi yang diberikan berupa pemasangan <em>nasogastric tube</em> (NGT) selama 72 jam untuk pemberian pakan cair dan obat simtomatis. Setelah NGT dilepas, pengobatan dilanjutkan hingga 7-14 hari, dan menunjukkan persembuhan setelah terapi dan pengobatan.
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