Monkeypox is no longer "an uncommon viral zoonotic disease" because it has spread all over the world and the outbreak is still occurring. It is concerning that the disease has spread to other regions and countries. There is a lack of information regarding the ecological, zoonotic, epidemiologic, clinical, and public health aspects of monkeypox. Significant adverse effects are associated with the first-generation live attenuated vaccinia virus vaccinations that are stored for use in emergency situations in multiple countries. As a result of the cessation of smallpox vaccinations, an ecological void has been created in which more people have diminished or no protection against MPXV. This will increase the rate of virus transmission from animals to humans as well as from humans to other humans. Urgent research and monitoring should be carried out as part of a global initiative titled "One-Human-Animal Environmental Health."
Background: Tetanus neonatorum is a preventable cause of mortality and neurological squeal that is more prevalent in resource-poor nations, perhaps because to low rates of mother immunization and unclean cord care procedures. Objectives: The study was conducted in different districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to investigate the prevalence of tetanus neonatorum, its associated risk factors and mortality rate. Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted in five districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa during the year 2020-22, through evaluation of the hospital records of 185 tetanus infected neonates, for the assessment of acute risk factors and clinical outcome of the infection. Results: It was found that a significantly higher proportion (p<0.05) of the infected were neonatal fetuses of age less than ten days with the incidence of 83.24%. High mortality rate of 31.35% was observed in the infected infants in which 58 out of 185 infected infants did not survive. Most of the infected patients (p<0.05) were born at home (129/185), through vaginal birth (104/185) and delivered in unhygienic environment (156/185). A significantly high number of women were not immunized against the tetanus infection (p<0.05) and fetal umbilical cords were not managed aseptically and were cut with used razors (12.97%) and fastened with unhygienic threads (38.37%), rendering them vulnerable to the fatal infections. Conclusion: It was concluded that poor tetanus toxoid immunization of the mothers and unhygienic conditions were likely causes. Keywords: Deep wounds; Immunization; Umbilical cord; Unhygienic deliveries.
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