Wheat is the main cereal crop worldwide and about 2 billion people suffer from Zn and Fe deficiency because of their dependence just on cereal crops. Three Billion people are malnourished suffering from mild to severe physical and mental disabilities. Vast genetic diversity of Wheat exists in nature that differs in their mineral compositions. Main deficient micronutrients are Provitamin-A, Zn & Fe which deficiencies cause serious physical and mental abnormalities. Different methods of enhancing mineral contents of plants products have been used, out of which biofortification has proved more promising and economical. Bacterial phytoene synthase gene (crtb) and carotene desaturase gene (crti) has been transferred in wheat that has increased carotenoid content but darker colour has less public acceptance.GPC-B1 gene is found to be associated with increase micronutrients but it lowers the overall yield of the plant. Several new methodologies such as oligo-directed mutagenesis, reverse breeding, RNA directed DNA methylation and genome editing have been used for increasing micronutrient composition and their bioavailability. But the combination of Plant Breeding methods with Molecular Techniques will be more useful for advancement in this field.
Background: Student learning is more important as compared to their marks, position holding learning plays an important role to get what they desire to use it in their education career and farther in professional life. The purpose of the study was to assess the quality of learning of doctor of physical therapy students at the graduate level by considering marks obtained, knowledge retention, concentrated learning or deep conceptual learning, mastery of practical/clinical skills, participation in curricular & extracurricular activities.Materials and Methods: Data was taken from different DPT program offering institutes & universities of Punjab province (Pakistan), 1000 DPT students (N=500 semester system & N=500 annual system) from 1 st year to final year. Self-administered Open and close-ended questionnaire were used to collect data about quality learning on basis of evaluation in semester system and annual system examination.
Results:The annual system provides quality learning in terms of conceptual knowledge due to long duration academic year, retention of knowledge, the involvement of curricular & extracurricular activities, acquisition of practical skill, on other hand high marks, concentrated short quick learning study.
Conclusion:The study concluded that annual system provides quality learning as assessment process for annual system provides god criteria for student learning capacities.KEY WORDS: Quality Learning, Annual Examination System, Semester Examination System, DPT Students.
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND
Wheat is the staple food for many countries, therefore, it needs more attention as compared to other cultivated crops. Stem rust is one of the major wheat diseases. Fungus spores fall on the plant surface and starts to grow inside the plant tissues. Two groups of resistant genes(R & Avr) have been identified conferring host-specific and non-host specific resistance respectively. Resistance is either achieved through thickening of the cell wall or through the programmed cell death (hypersensitivity) type of response. Every pathogen has specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns PAMPs which are recognized by the receptor protein. i.e. pattern recognition receptors PRRs. Plants can activate separate defence pathways depending on the type of the pathogen encountered. Jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene-dependent responses seem to be initiated by necrotrophs, whereas salicylic acid (SA) dependent response activated by biotrophic pathogens.
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