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The International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) believes that open access contributes to its mission of reducing hunger and poverty, and improving human nutrition in the tropics through research aimed at increasing the eco-efficiency of agriculture.CIAT is committed to creating and sharing knowledge and information openly and globally. We do this through collaborative research as well as through the open sharing of our data, tools, and publications. Citation:Wyckhuys, Kris A.; Bentley, Jeff W.; Lie, Rico; Nghiem,Le Thi Phuong; Fredrix, Marjon. 2017. Maximizing farm-level uptake and diffusion of biological control innovations in today's digital era. BioControl .63 (1) disregarded. In this study, we conduct a retrospective analysis of the extent to which social 39 science facets have been incorporated into biological control research over the past 25 years. 40Next, we critically examine various biological control forms, concepts and technologies using a 41'diffusion of innovations' framework, and identify elements that hamper their diffusion and 42 farm-level uptake. Lastly, we introduce effective observation-based learning strategies, such as African subsistence farmers to control key pests on sorghum and maize (Cook et al., 2007). 128The biggest stumbling block for conservation biological control is that 'from the viewpoint of on insect biological control was consolidated by using the search terms (("biological control" OR 149 "natural enem*") AND ("insect*" OR "arthropod")). These search terms were defined by the 150 authors. Within this set, we ran the following additional queries: 151  (("farmer" OR "stakeholder" OR "public") NOT "public health")), for studies that make 152 reference to end-users; 153 8  (("gender" OR "women" OR "woman")), for studies that make reference to gender-154 aspects (solely of target adopters, and not insects); 155  (("intergeneration*" OR "youth" OR ("young" AND "age") OR "children")) , for studies 156 that take into account age of target adopters, or include youngsters; 157  (("knowledge" OR "innovation" OR "information") AND ("diffusion" OR "transfer" OR 158"dissemination" OR "training")), for manuscripts that allude to knowledge transfer; parasitism by minute hymenopterans or the action of entomo-pathogens, are difficult to observe. 256But, rather surprisingly, farmers were also entirely unaware of insect predation by social wasps; 257 conspicuous and active caterpillar-hunters that are omnipresent in local fields. Wasps (e.g., 258Polybia spp.; Hymenoptera: Vespidae) typically nest under the porch roof of rural homes, and fly Farmer knowledge of pests and natural enemies can be seen as a matrix that compares the 295 "culturally important" with the "ease (or difficulty) of observation" (Bentley, 1992 and explain the best that modern science has to offer, drawing upon logic and analogies (e.g. 325"insects mate, just like other animals") and using animations, diagrams, and photos. 326There may be no local knowledge at all for the culturally unimportant and dif...

This article presents a process evaluation of the implementation of the sex education programme the World Starts With Me (WSWM) for secondary school students in Uganda. The purpose of this mixed-methods study was to examine factors associated with dose delivered (number of lessons implemented) and fidelity of implementation (implementation according to the manual), as well as to identify the main barriers and facilitators of implementation. Teachers' confidence in teaching WSWM was negatively associated with dose delivered. Confidence in educating and discussing sexuality issues in class was positively associated with fidelity of implementation, whereas the importance teachers attached to open sex education showed a negative association with fidelity. Main barriers for implementing WSWM were lack of time, unavailability of computers, lack of student manuals and lack of financial support and rewards. Other barriers for successful implementation were related to high turnover of staff and insufficient training and guidance of teachers. Teachers' beliefs/attitudes towards sexuality of adolescents, condom use and sex education were found to be important socio-cognitive factors intervening with full fidelity of implementation. These findings can be used to improve the intervention implementation and to better plan for large-scale dissemination of school-based sex education programmes in sub-Saharan Africa.

This article examines the types of capitals possessed by informal tourism entrepreneurs and locates their value within the field relations that orders their contribution to the tourism system. Bourdieu's theory on fields and capitals was applied to ethnographic narrative accounts of stakeholders in tourism in Chiang Mai, Thailand to assess these roles. Informal entrepreneurs have limited access to resources and their perspectives are excluded from academic debates and policy initiatives. The paper identifies the dynamism, positive social capital, flexibility, and symbolic capital of informal entrepreneurs. These are related to the field conditions that determine and structure their contribution to tourism destinations. The analysis reveals the importance of collaboration between informal entrepreneurs and other stakeholders, concluding with recommendations for policy makers.