Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.

The use of a manual wheelchair is critical to 1% of the world's population. Human powered wheeled mobility research has considerably matured, which has led to improved research techniques becoming available over the last decades. To increase the understanding of wheeled mobility performance, monitoring, training, skill acquisition, and optimization of the wheelchair-user interface in rehabilitation, daily life, and sports, further standardization of measurement setups and analyses is required. A crucial stepping-stone is the accurate measurement and standardization of external power output (measured in Watts), which is pivotal for the interpretation and comparison of experiments aiming to improve rehabilitation practice, activities of daily living, and adaptive sports. The different methodologies and advantages of accurate power output determination during overground, treadmill, and ergometer-based testing are presented and discussed in detail. Overground propulsion provides the most externally valid mode for testing, but standardization can be troublesome. Treadmill propulsion is mechanically similar to overground propulsion, but turning and accelerating is not possible. An ergometer is the most constrained and standardization is relatively easy. The goal is to stimulate good practice and standardization to facilitate the further development of theory and its application among research facilities and applied clinical and sports sciences around the world.

The measurement of handrim wheelchair propulsion characteristics and performance in the field is complicated due to the non-stationary nature of wheelchair driving. In contrast, the laboratory provides a constrained and standardisable environment to conduct measurements and experiments. Apart from wheelchair treadmills, dynamometers or ergometers for handrim wheelchairs are often custom-made, oneof-a-kind, expensive, and sparsely documented in the research literature. To facilitate standardised and comparable lab-based measurements in research, as well as in clinical settings and adapted sports, a new wheelchair ergometer was developed. The ergometer with instrumented dual rollers allows for the performance analysis of individuals in their personal handrim wheelchair and facilitates capacity assessment, training and skill acquisition in rehabilitation or adapted sports. The ergometer contains two servomotors, one for each rear wheel roller, that allow for the simulation of translational inertia and resistive forces as encountered during wheelchair propulsion based on force input and a simple mechanical model of wheelchair propulsion. A load cell configuration for left and right roller enables the measurement of effective user-generated torque and force on the handrim and the concomitant timing patterns. Preliminary results are discussed.