No negative effects of the microfracture technique were observed and some of the beneficial effects are the basis for recommending its use in patients cases with exposed subchondral bone.

Immediate treatment of incisional drainage or method to prevent incisional infections may decrease hernia formation.

Conditions affecting the lateral and caudal aspects of the dorsal compartment of the TMJ should be visible by arthroscopy.

Results suggested that intrathecal injection of corticosteroid in horses with erosions of the flexor surface of the navicular bone associated with deep digital flexor tendon adhesions yielded a poor response. Treatment of horses with navicular bursitis via injection of the navicular bursa should be highly effective in alleviating lameness.

Urinary bladder marsupialization is a procedure that provides a good prognosis for long-term resolution of obstructive urolithiasis in male goats.

The Harmonic Scalpel appears to provide reliable hemostasis of the ovarian pedicle during elective laparoscopic ovariectomy in horses. Clinical Relevance-The Harmonic Scalpel represents a safe alternative to other methods of hemostasis during elective laparoscopic ovariectomy in horses.

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of ovariectomy and growth hormone on mammary epithelial cell proliferation and estrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha) expression within the bovine mammary gland. Two experiments were performed. In the first experiment, eight Holstein heifer calves aged between 1 and 3 mo were ovariectomized, while six calves served as controls. At 6 mo of age, calves were treated with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to label proliferating cells and sacrificed 2 h later. Coinciding with reduced mammary mass (304 +/- 25 vs. 130 +/- 21 g), proliferation of mammary epithelial cells was significantly lower in ovariectomized heifers compared to control heifers (2.24 vs. 0.25%). ER alpha expression was restricted to mammary epithelial cells and was not observed within intra-lobular stroma of parenchymal tissue. The proportion of ER alpha positive cells was significantly higher in ovariectomized heifers than in controls (36.1% +/- 2.2 vs. 46.7% +/- 2.4). In the second experiment, mammary biopsies were taken from five 6-mo-old heifers, immediately preceding and 7 d following a single injection of bovine growth hormone. Mammary epithelial cell proliferation (assessed by incorporation of 3H-thymidine) was increased by growth hormone. The proportion of ER alpha positive mammary epithelial cells was not increased by growth hormone. In conclusion, reduced mammary epithelial cell proliferation following ovariectomy was associated with an increase in ER alpha expression, whereas increased proliferation caused by bovine growth hormone was not associated with changes in the proportion of ER alpha positive cells.

The objective was to determine the effects of ovariectomy and epithelial-stromal interactions on mammary development and local expression of IGF-I and IGF-binding protein (IGFBP) mRNA in prepubertal heifers. An epithelium-free ('cleared') fat pad (CFP) was prepared in two glands in each of 14 Holstein heifers, aged 1-3 months. Eight of the calves were also ovariectomized. Serum concentrations of GH, IGF-I and prolactin were not affected by ovariectomy. At 6 months of age, calves were killed to provide mammary samples of parenchyma, CFP and intact fat pad (MFP). Total mammary mass was reduced in ovariectomized calves (130 21 g vs 304 25 g; P<0·001), and in several cases parenchymal tissue was essentially absent. Uterus weight was also reduced by ovariectomy (14·5 3·8 g vs 30·4 4·5 g; P<0·05). In support of our hypothesis that local IGF-I mediates prepubertal mammary development, mRNA expression of IGF-I was lower in ovariectomized than in control calves (62·1 7·8 vs 91·6 7·8 arbitrary units; P<0·05). Specific binding of IGF-I to mammary parenchymal microsomes was also reduced by ovariectomy (377 142 vs 868 82 c.p.m.; P<0·01), suggesting decreased sensitivity to IGF-I. Expression of IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-5 mRNA were not influenced by ovariectomy. Expression of IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-5 mRNA did not differ between CFP and MFP, suggesting that expression of these factors was not influenced by interactions between stroma and developing epithelium. Overall, the data suggested that interactions between the ovary and the local IGF-I axis act to optimize the availability and effectiveness of IGF-I within the gland to stimulate mammary growth.