The quantity of water that should be retained in streams and rivers for the benefit of fish during periods of water scarcity is a question of considerable interest to river managers and biologists. Although instream flow methodologies have existed since the 1970s, no single method has been widely accepted for use on large warm-water rivers because of their high species richness and generalized fish habitat use patterns. In this paper, we present an approach similar to instream flow incremental methodology, but which uses two-dimensional flow models and biomass estimates derived from multiple sites on two Colorado rivers for predicting the effect of discharge on adult standing stocks of two native fish species. Suitability criteria are developed for bluehead and flannelmouth sucker (Catostomus discobolus and C. latipinnis) by comparing adult biomass in individual meso-habitat units with modelled depths and velocities. We find that roundtail chub (Gila robusta) biomass is not correlated with depth and velocity, but appears to be positively associated with indices of habitat heterogeneity. Species biomass and total usable habitat area are predicted as a function of discharge for each site and data show good correlation between predicted and measured biomass. Results suggest that the Colorado and Yampa Rivers have similar potential for native fish biomass, but low summer discharges limit native fish biomass on the Yampa River.
Municipal controllers are sometimes confronted with requests from managers that contradict with the legal provisions. This raises the question how municipal controllers deal with these requests and whether this would impact their compliance. This article is a result of an exploratory study assessing compliance among municipal controllers and the possible explanations for their degree of compliance. The study has focused on one specific provision concerning accrual accounting, one of the elements of new public management (NPM), which is prescribed for Dutch municipalities. The study is based on a survey in 22 municipalities. The results show that the majority of municipal controllers who participate in this study deviate from this legal provision. There might be a relation between the orientation of the controllers and the degree of compliance. The position of the controller within the municipality can be a significant factor explaining this orientation. However, the size of the sample is too limited to generalize. The conclusions of this study undermine the idea that municipal controllers should act as business partners to the management. Finally, the study reveals a paradox: while one of the main elements of NPM is to shift more responsibilities to decentralized managers, this shift can lead to an increased principal‐agent problem, leading to a lesser degree of compliance.
Collections 2021: the future of the library collection is not a collectionBased on a paper presented at the 34th UKSG Conference, Harrogate, April 2011 Research libraries are now operating in an environment that provides less funding, more competition and greatly expanded options for brokering access to high-quality resources. All of these realities suggest a need to rethink, radically, not just the ways libraries build collections, but the very nature of the library collection itself. If online resources can be purchased at point of use, does it still make sense to purchase them before need is demonstrated? If books can now be printed on demand, does it still make sense to buy them on the basis of speculation about future need? What might the practices of collection building and access brokering look like ten years from now?
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