REAKTHROUGHS IN BASIC BIO-medical sciences, including human genomics, stem cell biology, biomedical engineering, molecular biology, and immunology, over the past 5 decades have provided an unprecedented supply of information for improving human health. This revolutionary progress in basic science would not have happened without the public's long-term investment in and steadfast commitment to basic biomedical research. Translating the information gained through these basic discoveries into knowledge that will affect clinical practice and, ultimately, human health requires clinical research involving human subjects and human populations, as well as devel-opment of improved health services based on that research. This next scientific frontier deserves a correspond-

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Enrolling individuals who are unable to consent in research that offers no potential for medical benefit is consistent with the preferences of at least some individuals. This suggests that such research should not be prohibited, provided there is sufficient evidence that it is consistent with the preferences of individual subjects. Requiring that such evidence be provided in a formal research advance directive may be unnecessarily restrictive. More research is needed to assess whether the findings in this group of subjects generalize to other groups.

Although there was no control group, the observed incidence of persistent tardive dyskinesia with risperidone seemed to be much lower than that seen in elderly patients treated with conventional neuroleptics. The average optimal dose of risperidone in elderly dementia patients was found to be 0.75-1.5 mg/day.