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LETTERSUndercover. Many Alpheidae shrimps live deep in the reef and are impossible to collect nonlethally. Published by AAAS

The systematics of the South American characoid subfamily Anostominae is reviewed on the basis of 36 morphometric and meristic characters, and the osteology is described. A new genus, Pseudanos, is described for a monophyletic lineage previously assigned to Anostomus. Two new species, Anostomus intermedius dind Pseudanos irinae, are described. The subfamily consists of five genera, three of which are monotypic. A hypothesis of the phylogenetic relationships of the members of the Anostominae is presented, based primarily on their osteology. The monotypic genera together form a monophyletic assemblage. Zoogeographic interpretations are not attempted, since vast areas (particularly in the central Amazon basin) are as yet either not or inadequately sampled. Considerable distributional extensions and discovery of new forms are to be expected in the future. Abstracto La sistematica de los Characoides Sud-Americanos (Caracoides), subfamilia Anostominae es revisada en base a 36 caracteres morfometricos y meristicos, describiendo tambien su osteologia. Un nuevo genero, Pseudanos es descrito en un lineage monofiletico, anteriormente asignado a Anostomus. Dos nuevas especies son descritas: Anostomus intermedius y Pseudanos irinae. La subfamilia consiste de cinco generos, tres de los cuales son monotipicos. Se presento una hipotesis de la relacion filetica de los Anostominae, basada principalmente en su osteologia. Los generos monotipicos forman en conjunto un grupo monofiletico. Interpretaciones zoogeograficas no son intentadas, ya que regiones muy vastas (especialmente en la Cuenca Central del Amazona) no han sido aun, o solo parcialmente estudiadas. Una distribucion extensional mucho mayor y el descubrimiento de nuevas formas se esperan en el futuro. Although this paper is not concerned with the relationships of the entire family Anostomidae, I propose a new concept for the subfamily Anostominae (here conceived as encompassing the genera Anostomus, Pseudanos, Gnathodolus, Sartor and Synaptolaemus) on the basis of its monophyly (see the diagnosis of the subfamily, p. 4, and discussion, p. 48). Other genera I recognize in the family Anostomidae (but here exclude from the Anostominae) are Abramites, Anostomoides, Laemolvta, Leporellus, Leporinus, Rhytiodus and Schizodon, following Myers (1950) and Gery (1961, 1972/73). This number will probably be increased when further specimens make it possible to describe formally an anostomid with more than 65 lateral line scales from the vicinity of Manaus figured and described (but not named) by Gery (1972/73), and another form from the Essequibo River which has an incomplete lateral line (and is represented by three small specimens in the collections of the National Museum of Canada). After this paper had been accepted for publication, I received a copy of Gery's (1977) "Characoids of the world". In this work, Gery recognizes the family Anostomidae, and includes all the genera accepted here. However, we differ significantly in subsequent subdivision. Gery (op. cit.) recognizes a subfa...

Tyler, James C, Bruce OToole, and Richard Winterbottom. Phylogeny of the Genera and Families of Zeiform Fishes, with Comments on Their Relationships with Tetraodontiforms and Caproids. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 618, 110 pages, 90 figures, 2 tables, 2003.-This cladistic study, using 103 putatively informative characters (mostly osteological) of representatives of all of the genera of zeiforms, a primitive tetraodontiform, both genera of caproids, and numerous outgroups, strongly supports the monophyly of zeiforms. The possible relationship of zeiforms with tetraodontiforms and caproids is ambiguous; it is supported in three of the four analyses (data ordered with and without most meristic features and data unordered with most meristic features) but not in the one that we consider the most rational and best justified (data unordered without most meristic features).Within zeiforms, there is strong support for a phylogeny that requires a substantially different arrangement of genera within a new concept of six monophyletic families (three with subfamilies) in two suborders.The genus Cyttus (Cyttoidei, Cyttidae) is shown to be the sister group to all other zeiforms (Zeioidei). The study indicates that the zeiform families, as recognized herein, have the following phylogenetic sequence:

Aim To apply the modern theory of vicariant biogeography to the study of evolution of the coral reef fauna in the Indo-western Pacific region.

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A genetic analysis of partial mitochondrial 5’ cytochrome c oxidase I gene (DNA barcode) sequences of 473 specimens assigned to 52 morphological species (including four known, but not formally named, species) of the gobiid genus Trimma revealed the presence of 94 genetic lineages. Each lineage was separated by > 2% sequence divergence. Thus there were an additional 42 haplogroups recognizable as provisional candidate species given that a value of > 2% difference is typical of different species of fishes. Such a high degree of apparently different cryptic species is, in our experience, virtually unprecedented among vertebrates. These results have precipitated further morphological research in a few cases, which has uncovered subtle differences independently corroborating the genetic results. However, such efforts are limited by the dearth of traditional systematists available to undertake the necessary time-consuming, and highly detailed, morphological research. In some cases, the genetic results we present are consistent with, and confirm, minor taxonomic distinctions based on morphology and/or colour pattern. In other instances, what had been recognized as a single species consists of several genetic lineages - up to eight in, for example, what we have identified based on morphology as Trimma okinawae. The increase from 52 to 94 potential species in our sampling raises the predicted total number of species in this genus from about 110 to nearly 200 (versus the 73 valid described species currently recognized).

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