5alphaR1 immunostaining is increased and 5alphaR2 immunostaining is decreased during development of PCa. In addition, there is increased expression of both 5alphaR isozymes in recurrent and metastatic cancers, suggesting that both isozymes may be important in the development and progression of PCa.

A large percentage of Canadian men 50 years of age or older experience symptoms commonly associated with BPH. The theoretical concept of irritative and obstructive symptom domains was supported partially by the cluster analysis. A clear typology of men with BPH symptoms could prove useful if treatments were found to be more effective for certain types of BPH symptoms. Thus these observations warrant further investigation into the differential effects of management approaches for BPH symptoms according to symptom clusters.

Proximal migration occurs when a stent is too short for the ureter. We recommend that ureteral length should be measured directly from an x-ray to select the optimal stent length. If it is necessary to continue stenting a ureter after migration has been detected, a longer stent should be placed.

No abstract