Container-grown Magnolia grandiflora were planted in spring and fall with or without hardwood mulch and a complete fertilizer. Fertilizer was placed either in the bottom of the planting hole, mixed with the backfill, or surface applied after planting. Growth measurements were made during 3 seasons. Height growth was not influenced by planting date but was reduced the first season as a result of mulching. After 22 months, however, mulched plants were significantly larger than controls. Fertilization at planting resulted in significant height increases at every evaluation, but fertilizer location was not a factor. Spring planting, mulching, and fertilization resulted in significant increases in stem diameter. Spring planting, mulching and soil incorporation of fertilizer resulted in significantly more branches per plant during the third season.
The past decade could be classified as the “decade of connectivity”; in fact, it is commonplace for computers to be connected to an LAN, which in turn is connected to a WAN, which provides an Internet connection. On an application level this connectivity allows access to data that even five years earlier were unavailable to the general population. This growth has not occurred without problems, however. The number of users and the complexity/size of their applications continue to mushroom. Many networks are over-subscribed in terms of bandwidth, especially during peak usage periods. Often network growth was not planned for, and these networks suffer from poor design. Also, the explosive growth has often necessitated that crisis management be employed just to keep basic applications running. Whatever the source of the problem, it is clear that proactive design and management strategies need to be employed to optimize available networking resources (Fortier & Desrochers, 1990). This is especially true in today’s world of massive Internet usage (Zhu, Yu, & Doyle, 2001).
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