Based on qualitative research into the Chinese catering industry in the Netherlands, this article describes labour relations between Chinese employers and their (undocumented) employees against the background of a society in which criminal, administrative, and immigration law increasingly converge. The authors argue that the intertwining of these three fields of law asks for an adaptation of the concept of crimmigration. Furthermore the authors claim that an overemphasis on the legal definition of 'labour exploitation' distances law from the people it addresses as it reduces employers to offenders and employees to victims. Such a normative perspective prevents us from gaining further insights into underlying issues such as illegal stay, informal labour practices and labour relations within migrant niches. The authors argue on the contrary that Chinese restaurant owners and their employees operate in a 'moral economy' where labour relations are influenced not only by formal rules and a demand for reasonably priced food and flexible, motivated, inexpensive and skilled employees, but also by informal rules and culturally shared expectations about justice and reciprocity.

The special issue: Migration Trajectories and Transnational Support Within and Beyond Europe brings together a set of papers with fresh empirical analysis from diverse settings documenting the experiences of migrants residing within and beyond the boundaries of Europe. This introductory article has the objective of laying the groundwork for a better understanding of how migration trajectories are shaped and continued in the contexts of transnational (social) networks and migration control. Firstly, we argue that migration journeys are not necessarily linear and unidirectional movements from origin to destination countries, nor are they clearly demarcated events in time and space. On the contrary, we highlight the dynamic and changing nature of migration trajectories. Secondly, we examine different types of relevant actors who provide support for migrants during their journeys. We focus on transnational social networks and transnationally operating institutions and human smugglers, which influence and facilitate or disrupt migration trajectories. Subsequently, based on the premise that migrants' social networks, expectations, motivations and needs change throughout the migration process, we discuss the ways in which transnational support in a context of migration control relates to the lives of migrants on the move.

What role do human smuggling organizations play in facilitating the arrival of (illegal) immigrants in the Netherlands and their further incorporation into Dutch society? Based on empirical research among 325 illegal immigrants living in the Netherlands, the question of how illegal immigrants succeeded in scaling the walls of the European Union and settling in the Netherlands is addressed. Answering this question clarifies not only the role of human smuggling organizations, but also that of loyal relatives living in the Netherlands for the continuation of the irregular migration process. Quel rfile les organismes pratiquant le passage de clandestins jouent-ils dans la facilitation de l' arrivde d'immigrants (illdgaux) aux Pays-bas et dans leur intdgration fi la socidtd nderlandaise? En nous appuyant sur de la recherche empirique effectuFe aupr~s de 325 immigrants ill~gaux vivant aux Pays-Bas, nous nous penchons sur la fa~on dont les immigrants iIldgaux rFussissent h p6n~trer dans l'Union europ~enne et s'installer auxPays-Bas. La conclusion jette de Ia lumi~re sur deux acteurs qui jouent un rfile dans le maintien du trafic de migrants: les organismes qui pratiquent le passage de clandestins et la parentF fidble vivant aux Pays-Bas.

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This study sought answers to a puzzling paradox. Generally, formal legal health care rights for undocumented people in The Netherlands are relatively good, with some exceptions (like dentistry and mental health). Despite this, many undocumented people were found only to access health care services in the case of an emergency, and sometimes not even then. Why were undocumented people not fully making use of their legal rights to access health care? Was it due to discrimination? A lack of information? Or some other deterrents? This article presents findings from a project entitled: "Count Us In": Towards Realising Health Rights among Undocumented People in Two Dutch Global Cities", funded by the Rotterdam Global Health Initiative (RGHI). Using the Participatory Ethnographic Evaluation and Research (PEER) methodology, research was conducted in The Hague and Rotterdam between 2012 and 2015. The study found that those in work or socially embedded in support networks or NGOs, were more likely to claim their health rights in practice. Rejected asylum seekers, more isolated on the whole, tended to access health care only in extreme situations or emergencies. Both groups reported self-medication, which was found to be quite common. We also found that undocumented people exclude themselves from health care services, for fear of being detected, detained and even deported. We conclude with some modest suggests to ensure that the basic health rights of undocumented people are better protected in these and other Dutch cities in future.Seeking Health Below the Radar: Undocumented People's access to healthcare in Two Dutch Cities "The biggest wish is to get a residence permit. All misery comes from the lack thereof" (interview Bernard (not real name) asylum-seeker from Guinea) (D46). 1 "My medicines are my wife" (D01). 2 IntroductionThis study addresses a puzzling problem. Whilst formal legal health rights of 'undocumented' people in The Netherlands are relatively good, a range of research, which we consider here, suggests that significant numbers of undocumented people do not access the health care services to which they are entitled under law. One study on unaccompanied migrant children's health care in the Netherlands, by Staring and Aarts, reported that some undocumented children, especially those with mental health problems, were not having their health needs met (Staring and Aarts 2010: 156-161). Among the undocumented children they interviewed, for those who had serious psychological problems, these were compounded by difficulties accessing mental health care in the Netherlands. In spite of family, NGO and peer support, significant numbers of young undocumented people with serious psychological problems did not visit Dutch healthcare providers. Their main reason was their fear of being identified (Staring and Aarts 2010: 161). In 2012 the Dutch NGO, Dokters van de Wereld (Doctors of the World), estimated that almost one third (29%) of undocumented migrants in the Netherlands, did not receive the 'medically necessary' heal...

As an important gateway to Europe, the Port of Rotterdam is known for its high-quality facilities and efficiency, but also attracts organised crime groups who use the transatlantic legal trade flows to traffic cocaine. Based on a qualitative study, consisting of 73 interviews with public and private actors, an analysis of 10 criminal investigations and field visits to public and private organisations in the port, this article examines how organised crime groups involved in cocaine trafficking take advantage of or adapt to the socio-spatial relations in the Port of Rotterdam. First, we pay attention to which physical spaces in the port of Rotterdam provide opportunities for cocaine trafficking. Second, we examine how the occupational and legal environment in which people, private companies and law enforcement agencies in the port work and interact provide opportunities for cocaine trafficking. Our findings demonstrate that increased security measures by both public and private actors directed at physical spaces result in a displacement to new spaces in and around the port of Rotterdam. Furthermore, the current socio-spatial relations in the port of Rotterdam also make the role of people on the inside – referring to a whole range of public and private employees – increasingly indispensable.

Ethnographic fieldwork amongst 105 unauthorized migrants in the Netherlands shows that unauthorized migrants suffer from the pains of being unauthorized. These migrants feel punished and are severely hurt by – amongst others – the deprivation of healthy and secure living conditions, social and geographical mobility and citizenship. These migrants’ pains are caused by current restrictive migration controls, something the Dutch authorities could and should be aware of given previous research that provides similar insights. While the Dutch authorities do provide – the legally required – provisions for unauthorized migrants, we argue on the basis of Hayes’ proximity model that these authorities accept the collateral consequences of (possibly) being subjected to migration controls and purposely inflict these pains on unauthorized migrants. This means that migration control is not only experienced as punishment by those subjected to it, but that it is also intended to punish. The current system of migration control has as such expanded the reach of penal power. This implies that ‘punishment and society’ scholarship should also look beyond the borders of nation-states and criminal laws in order to understand contemporary punishment.

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