In this essay, Richard Smith observes that being a parent, like so much else in our late-modern world, is required to become ever more efficient and effective, and is increasingly monitored by the agencies of the state, often with good reason given the many recorded instances of child abuse and cruelty. However, Smith goes on to argue, this begins to cast being a parent as a matter of "parenting," a technological deployment of skills and techniques, with the loss of older, more spontaneous and intuitive relations between parents and children. Smith examines this phenomenon further through a discussion of how it is captured to some extent in Hannah Arendt's notion of "natality" and how it is illuminated by Charles Dickens in his classic novel, Dombey and Son.
The anaesthetic potencies of binary mixtures of the gases argon (Ar), nitrous oxide (N2O) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) have been measured using mice. The mixtures SF6-N2O and N2O-Ar showed additive behaviour, whereas the constituents of the mixture SF6-Ar were non-additive, having a smaller total potency than expected. Further experiments on this mixture with Italian Great Newts and on the carbon tetrafluoride mixtures CF4-Ar and CF4-SF6 with mice suggested that the anomalous potencies may arise from specific pulmonary effects associated with the breathing of SF6 accompanied by a high pressure of some other gas.
SYNOPSISThe insanity defence is considered in terms of the operation of incommensurable scientific and legal discourses, a dualism which in turn is held to reflect individualist values. This analysis is used to explain both the recurring nature of medico-legal controversy and the historical results of the defence in Victorian England.
This paper assesses various issues concerning the operation of the English Old Poor from 1600 to 1834 that are presented as facilitating economic growth. It identifies those factors contributing to the efficacy of welfare provisioning by reference to problems that are frequently identified in the operation of such systems: the free-rider problem, risk covariance, adverse selection and information elicitation. The entitlement to relief through an individual's possession of a legal settlement in a parish thereby guaranteeing poor relief is seen as a key factor enabling risk-reduced labour migration and especially migration from the rural to urban sector, as well as minimisation of the free-rider problem as far as taxpayer willingness to furnish welfare funds were concerned. The extent to which welfare was generated in the agrarian sector and provided in the households of rural communities, and the minimal use of townbased 'indoor institutions' for welfare delivery, are seen as a key factors supporting rural household economies. These factors limited refugee flows from country to town, with positive epidemiological advantages, and enabled, by pre-industrial standards, modest levels of infant and child mortality, which also made it possible for fertility change to be the major force driving demographic change.
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