The end-Hall ion source has been developed for high-current, low-energy ion-beam applications. Beam currents up to 1 A have been obtained at mean ion energies of 30–120 eV, using Ar, Kr, or O2. The end-Hall source should be useful in applications where large currents of low-energy ions are used in conjunction with thin-film deposition to increase adhesion, modify stress, increase density or hardness, produce a preferred orientation, or improve step coverage. It should also be useful for reactive etching. It is suited for use in a production environment because it is simple, mechanically rugged, and reliable.
This study describes two approaches for the incorporation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites, through the addition of the CNTs in the bulk resin and by the addition of CNT-based buckypaper (BP) in the CFRP structure. Several laminates were successfully manufactured integrating these two approaches, where a significant improvement of the electrical conductivity (EC) values was found. Additionally, in order to compare different surface preparations and testing methods, a cross check of EC test was carried out among different laboratories. This characterization was complemented with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses, results of which were used to rule out a complete filtering effect of the CNTs. Furthermore, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) tests were also performed, with the aim of assessing the mechanical behavior of the different configurations.
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