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Bacterial copolymers from Alcaligenes eutrophus containing ß-hydroxybutyrate and ß-hydroxyvalerate monomer units were characterized by X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, solution NMR, and solid-state 13C NMR. The copolyesters were shown to be statistically random and of high crystallinity (>60%) throughout a range of compositions varying from 0 to 47 mol % ß-hydroxyvalerate units. A minimum in the melting point vs. composition curve was found at approximately 30 mol % ß-hydroxyvalerate. Only two crystal forms were detected: the ß-hydroxybutyrate crystalline phase on one side of the melting point minimum and the ß-hydroxyvalerate crystalline phase on the other. Solid-state 13C NMR spectra support the conclusion that the poly(d-hydroxybutyrate-co-d-hydroxyvalerate) system is isodimorphic with each crystalline phase accommodating the repeating unit of the other monomer as part of its organized structure.

Electron spin resonance (ESR) was used to follow the time-dependent concentration of stable TEMPO nitroxide radical in situ to understand the formation of narrow polydispersity, high molecular weight resins by a modified free radical polymerization process. This process involves the reversible termination of growing free radical chains by the TEMPO radicals. The first step is shown to involve a bimolecular reaction of nitroxide radical and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) initiator. This bimolecular reaction, which leads to peroxide radicals, is a rate-promoted decomposition having an activation energy of 40 ± 5 kJ/mol in toluene, compared to 125 kJ/mol for the thermal decomposition of BPO to its radicals. Computer simulations were used to numerically solve the reaction kinetics. ESR has shown that the rate of nitroxide radical disappearance in styrene polymerization is consistent with reversible termination of growing chains by the nitroxide radical, affording a pseudoliving polymer system.

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The pivotal role of the nitroxide concentration in bulk living polymerization of styrene was studied between 115 and 135 °C, using in situ electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) to follow the concentration of the TEMPO stable free radical during the polymerization. Molecular weight and conversion were also followed on the same reaction mixtures using gel permeation chromatography and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. While molecular weights were linear with conversion, to high conversion, there was an increase in the polymerization rate with time:  nonideal behavior for a living polymerization. However, the TEMPO concentration also shows a slow decay as polymerization proceeds. Using the current mechanistic model, which predicts a polymerization rate inversely proportional to TEMPO concentration, this changing concentration was incorporated into the kinetic analysis. Except for low conversion in the lowest temperature polymerization, correction for the TEMPO concentration resulted in ideal, constant polymerization rate constants. While increasing the initial TEMPO concentration decreases the rate of polymerization dramatically, the corrected rate is independent of initial TEMPO concentration, again consistent with the current mechanism. From these corrected polymerization rates, the activation energy for the release of TEMPO from the growing chain end was estimated as 82 kJ/mol, considerably less than the previously observed value of 130 kJ/mol for the release of TEMPO from styrene 1-mers. Using TEMPO as a probe of irreversible chain termination, ESR shows that irreversible chain termination up to 75% conversion is limited to less than 2 chains in a hundred. It is concluded that the TEMPO-mediated polymerization is a living polymerization under the conditions of this study. To aid in the understanding of these living polymerizations that are based on reversible termination, a new term has been defined, the germination efficiency, which describes the yield of living chains in terms of the reversible terminating agent.