Four experiments are presented. The first experiment demonstrated that the incidence of steretyped behavior was a monotonic increasing function of amphetamine dose. Variations in the form of the response to dose are described. The next two studies examined the relationship between environmental novelty and amphetamine-produced stereotypy. This behavior was observed less among subjects placed into novel environments than among subjects placed into familiar environments. The ability of novel stimuli to evoke exploratory responses incompatible with stereotypy was suggested as the basis for this effect. This interpretation was supported in a final experiment, which observed exploratory behavior and general activity, as well as amphetamine-produced stereotypy in subjects exposed to a novel stimulus in an otherwise familiar environment. All four experiments were interpreted as supporting a unified conception of amphetamine-produced and pathological sterotyped behaviors.
Public perception today is that the CIA enjoys a close working
relationship with the military, but that has not always been the
case. Since its inception in 1947, the CIA has traditionally had an
uneasy relationship with the military. During the Cold War, the CIA's
relationship with the military was strained periodically by conflicting
analyses. Only since the end of the Cold War has the relationship
been on more sure footing. The Gulf War underscored the need for
national-level intelligence to meet the accelerating demands of the
military in an increasingly technology-driven and face-paced combat
environment. Perceived shortcomings during the campaign to liberate Kuwait
led to a major institutional effort to link the CIA more closely to
the U.S. military by establishing the Office of Military Affairs (OMA)
in 1992. The creation of the OMA, however, is unlikely to eliminate
differences of analytic opinion between the agency and the military
services. In fact, such conflicts will be healthy indicators of the
CIA's rationale as a bureaucratic entity able to formulate independent
and objective analysis precisely because it has fewer vested interests
in military operations. The agency, however, must guard against being
overwhelmed by the intelligence demands of the military that could spread
limited analytic assets thin, further erode the quality of analysis,
and derail the CIA from performing its critical mission of providing
national intelligence and strategic warning to civilian policymakers.
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