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The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant and negative impact on the nursing workforce. Immediate and long-term actions must be taken to mitigate the adverse effects of the pandemic. Understanding these effects in various contexts is essential to conduct research, implement innovative interventions, and create supportive policies. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the issues in the framework of six key areas of the HealthImpact Workforce Strategy Model, including K-12 and second-degree students, pre-requisite nursing education, and pre-licensure nursing education; upskilling the existing workforce; retention and well-being; and migration of nurses. We also discuss expanding advanced practice registered nursing scope of practice; crisis standards of care; and the impact of telehealth. Exemplars highlight the issues, and document action and innovation in the domains of workforce strategy, education, research, and policy in these challenging times.

BACKGROUND Fifteen states bar or propose to bar Planned Parenthood affiliates from providing health care services with public funds. After courts blocked exclusion from the Texas Medicaid fee-for-service family planning program, on January 1, 2013, Texas excluded Planned Parenthood from a state-funded replacement program. We assessed contraceptive method provision, method continuation through the program, and Medicaid-paid deliveries before and after the Planned Parenthood exclusion. METHODS Using all claims under Texas’ fee-for-service family planning programs in 2011 – 2014, we examined change in contraceptive provision by method before and after the Planned Parenthood exclusion. For injectable contraceptive users at baseline, we observed contraceptive continuation through the program and Medicaid-paid deliveries. We used difference-in-differences to compare changes in outcomes between counties with and without Planned Parenthood clinics. RESULTS Following the Planned Parenthood exclusion, there was a 35% (369/1040) decline (p<0.001) in provision of long-acting reversible contraceptive methods, a 31% (2123/6832) decline (p<0.001) in use of injectable contraceptives; there was no significant change in the use of short-acting hormonal contraceptive methods. Among users of injectable contraceptives, there was 22% lower contraceptive continuation in the program (p<0.001) following the exclusion, and an additional 1.9% of women (27% increase) had Medicaid-paid deliveries within 18 months (p=0.014). CONCLUSIONS Texas’s exclusion of Planned Parenthood from a state-funded replacement for a Medicaid fee-for-service program was associated with adverse changes in provision of contraception, and for injectable contraceptive users, a decline in contraceptive continuation through the program and an increase in Medicaid-paid deliveries. (Funded by the Susan T. Buffett Foundation.)

The apparent erratic variation in life history traits, coloration patterns, and behaviours that exists among species within the damselfly genus Ischnura is shown to be interpretable when the species are partitioned into three groups. One group consists of species whose males are missing a pair of stout basal spines on the penultimate segment of their accessory penes. These are the only ischnurans in which males, by tandem guarding females, prevent sperm displacement. The other two groups can be recognized by the relative frequency with which mating occurs: monandrous species mate infrequently, polyandrous species more often. Compared to polyandrous species, monandrous species contain smaller size individuals, have greater sexual size dimorphism, have shorter duration copulations, do not have male biased operational sex ratios at aquatic sites, and are more likely to contain monochromatic females. Females belonging to the monandrous species tend to develop a characteristic form of pruinescence at maturity that obscures their underlying colour, and mature at a younger age. We propose that copulation serves only for sperm addition in monandrous species, for both sperm addition and displacement in polyandrous tandem guarding ischnurans, and for contact guarding as well as sperm addition and displacement in polyandrous species that do not tandem guard. Thc Linncan Society ol'bndonADDITIONAL KEY WORDS: -sperm competiaon -mating system evolution -aquatic insects -

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