Large-scale outdoor experimental streams were used in a series of effluent addition studies to determine the compatibility of biologically treated bleached kraft mill effluent with satisfactory production of salmonid fishes. Results are reported for 9-to 10-month studies at effluent concentrations representing from 0.5 to 2.0 mg/L of effluent 5 d biochemical oxygen demand (BODS) addition (1.3-5.1% v/v), as well as for an extended 3.5-year study at 0.5 BOD, addition (1.5% v/v). The series of studies indicated a pattern of greater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cumulative production and average weight in streams receiving effluent and better survival in the control streams. The final long-term study also indicated that successful maturation, spawning, hatching, larval development, and juvenile growth could take place during conditions of continuous effluent exposure. Measurements of the supporting food web suggest that effluent can increase periphyton production at low concentrations through nutrient additions but that higher effluent concentrations may reduce periphyton production due to the effect of color on underwater light transmittance. Macroinvertebrate populations increased in the streams receiving effluent.
Large‐scale outdoor experimental streams were used in a series of effluent addition studies to determine the compatibility of biologically treated bleached kraft mill effluent with satisfactory production of salmonid fishes. Results are reported for 9‐ to 10‐month studies at effluent concentrations representing from 0.5 to 2.0 mg/L of effluent 5 d biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) addition (1.3–5.1% v/v), as well as for an extended 3.5‐year study at 0.5 BOD5 addition (1.5% v/v). The series of studies indicated a pattern of greater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cumulative production and average weight in streams receiving effluent and better survival in the control streams. The final long‐term study also indicated that successful maturation, spawning, hatching, larval development, and juvenile growth could take place during conditions of continuous effluent exposure. Measurements of the supporting food web suggest that effluent can increase periphyton production at low concentrations through nutrient additions but that higher effluent concentrations may reduce periphyton production due to the effect of color on underwater light transmittance. Macroinvertebrate populations increased in the streams receiving effluent.
The rapid decrease of several stocks of Pacific herring, Clupea pallasi, in Puget Sound, Washington, has led to concerns about the effects of industrial and nonpoint source contamination on the embryo and larval stages of this and related forage fish species. To address these concerns, the state of Washington and several industries have funded efforts to develop embryo and larval bioassay protocols that can be used by commercial laboratories for routine effluent testing. This article presents the results of research to develop herring embryo and larval bioassay protocols. Factors evaluated during protocol development included temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), light intensity, photoperiod, larval feeding regimes, use of brine and artificial sea salts, gonad sources, collection methods, and egg quality.
1992. Histopathology of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after long-term exposure to biologically treated bleached kraft mill effluent in experimental stream channels. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49: 939-944.Outdoor experimental streams were used to determine the effects of effluent on histopathology of rainbow trout (Oncsrhynchus mykiss). Studies were conducted for 10-1 1 rno using biologically treated bleached kraft mill effluent at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 mg-b-' of effluent BOB, (1.3-5.1 % v/v) and for 42 mo at 0.5 BOB, addition (I .5% vlv). Twenty different tissues from randomly selected fish were examined at the end of each exposure period. Lesions or tissue changes observed in fish from both control and effluent-treated streams were of primary or secondary parasite-induced etiology, a condition typical of natural streams. There was an absence of neoplasia over the range of concentrations. Hematocrit, leucocrit, and liver somatic index remained normal throughout the course of effluent exposure. These data corroborate the I x k of effluent effects as determined from measurements of trout growth, survival, production, and reproduction.Des canaux experimentaux externes ont ete tltilises pour B' etude des effets histopathoBogiques d'effluents chez la truite arc-en-ciel (Oncorhynchus rnykissb. Les essais ont port6 sur des effluents d'usine de pite kraft ayant subi un traitement biologique: de 10 2 I t rno 2 des concentrations variant de 0,s 5 2,0 mg.L-" de DBO, (1,3-5,1 % V/V) et 42 mo a une DBO, de 0,s (1,s % v h ) . Vingt tissus de types diffkrents provenant de poissons preleves au hasard ont fait I'objet dfun exansen la fin de chaque periode d'exposition. kes lesions ou modifications histologiques observkes, tant chez les e6moiws que chez les poissons exposes, correspondaiewt 2 une etiologic primaire ou secondaire s'expliqetant par la presence de parasites, u n &at typique dans les cours d'eau naturels. Aucune nkoplasie n'a 6te notke pour toute la garnme des concentrations d'essai. Les valeurs de I'hematocrite, de la leucocrite et de I'indice hepatosomatique sont derneurkes norrnales tout aet long de l'exposition aux effluents. Ces donnbes corroborent l'absence d'effets dus aux effluents notee 2 partir de mesures de la croissance, de la survie, de la production et de la reproduction des truites.
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