Forward and backward masking functions were obtained for both singleletter (SL) and twelve-letter (12-L) visual displays. A pattern mask with three energy levels, high (Ea), equal (Ez), and low (Ei), relative to the test field, was used. The Ei mask did not significantly mask the SL display at any stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA), nor when presented forward of, or simultaneous with, the 12-L display. However, Ei did mask the 12-L display when delayed, and was identical to the E a and E 3 masking functions at SOA ;> ISO msec. This result, in conjunction with greater backward than forward masking of the 12-L display for all masks, provided support for an interruption interpretation of backward masking for pattern mask delays of ISO msec, or greater.
175 college undergraduate students completed a questionnaire which contained dating scenarios and questions designed to assess the participants' perceptions about the likelihood that sexual aggression would occur in the described dating situations and how justified sexual aggression would be in those situations. Also included were items to assess self-admitted sexual aggression, self-reported sexual victimization, attitudes toward certain affectionate behaviors, and enjoyment of several magazines including the "soft-core" sexually oriented publication Playboy. Analysis indicated that women made significantly higher estimates of the chances of sexual aggression occurring in the described dating situations. Relative to nonvictimized women, victimized women gave significantly higher estimates of the likelihood of sexual aggression and believed that sexual aggression was significantly more justified. Men rated sexual aggression as significantly more justified in a relationship in which the male had been paying all dating expenses relative to one in which dating expenses were shared. Women's ratings were not significantly different. Also, correlates of self-admitted male sexual aggression included greater rated enjoyment of Playboy magazine and less agreement with an item designed to measure attitudes toward physical affection.
Out of 66 undergraduates administered a scale designed to measure racial prejudice, 16 male Caucasians scoring above the median and 16 male Caucasians scoring below the median later interacted in a competition situation with an attitudinally similar or an attitudinally dissimilar black stimulus person. The competition situation was such that the Ss had the opportunity to aggress against their opponent using electric shock. The results indicated that highly prejudiced attitudes were related to high aggression scores. It was also observed that the attitudinal similarity variable interacted with the prejudice variable during the initial stages of the aggressive interaction.
Three questionnaire studies involving 101, 270, and 144 college students examined the relationship between affectionate behaviors and aggressive behaviors in the family environment as rated by the college students. Measures of affection and aggression were significantly negatively associated in nearly all analyses. Participants' ratings of parental alcohol abuse were positively associated with measures of parental aggression and negatively correlated with measures of parental affection.
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