A history of sexual abuse is associated with an increased risk of a lifetime diagnosis of multiple psychiatric disorders.

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Stathopoulou, Powers, Berry, Smits, and Otto (2006) conducted a meta-analysis of exercise as a treatment for depression. The empirical evidence is convincing that exercise either alone or in combination with other evidence-supported treatment is effective in treating clinically significant depression. The challenge lies in translating the convincing evidence into effective practice. This commentary focuses on the barriers that clinicians encounter in utilizing exercise in the face of depressive symptoms, pessimism, low motivation, and physical inactivity and withdrawal. We also discuss some practical suggestions to enhance the likelihood that patients with depression implement and maintain exercise behaviors to improve their mood .

Objective: This project was designed to develop and test the psychometric properties and factor structure of a revision of the Mizes Anorectic Cognitions questionnaire (MAC). The goals of the revision were to improve the reliability and discriminant validity of the Weight and Approval subscale and to equalize the length of the three subscales. Also, the study compared the original MAC and the MAC-R in terms of their psychometric properties. Method: Twenty-four new items were developed for potential inclusion in the MAC-R, in addition to the original 33 items of the MAC. These items were administered to 205 eating disorder patients from five eating disorder clinics or programs, including inpatient, outpatient, and residential treatment settings that served diverse patient populations. Additionally, other measures of eating disorder constructs were administered to assess construct validity. Results: Factor analysis of the large pool of items and item reduction resulted in the final 24-item MAC-R, each subscale being eight items in length. Results showed that the MAC-R highly correlated with the MAC and other eating disorder questionnaires. Reliability of the MAC-R was improved over that of the MAC. Two subscales of the MAC-R discriminated among diagnostic groups, whereas the original MAC did not, indicating improved sensitivity of the revised scale. Discussion: The MAC-R appears to be an improvement over the original MAC. It provides useful information on the cognitions of eating-disordered patients and merits further investigation into its psychometric properties.

Background Patients with disorders of gastrointestinal function may undergo unnecessary treatment if misdiagnosed as motility disorders. Objective To report on clinical features, medical, surgical and psychiatric co-morbidities, and prior treatments of a patient cohort diagnosed concurrently with non-psychogenic rumination syndrome and pelvic floor dysfunction (also termed rectal evacuation disorder). Methods From a consecutive series (1994-2013) of 438 outpatients with rectal evacuation disorders in the practice of a single gastroenterologist at a tertiary care center, 57 adolescents or adults were diagnosed with concomitant rumination syndrome. All underwent formal psychological assessment or completed validated questionnaires. Results All 57 patients (95% female) fulfilled Rome III criteria for rumination syndrome; rectal evacuation disorder was confirmed by testing of anal sphincter pressures and rectal balloon evacuation. Prior to diagnosis, most patients underwent multiple medical and surgical treatments (gastrostomy, gastric fundoplication, other gastric surgery, ileostomy, colectomy) for their symptoms. Psychological co-morbidity was identified in 93% of patients. Patients were managed predominantly with psychological and behavioral approaches: diaphragmatic breathing for rumination and biofeedback retraining for pelvic floor dysfunction. Conclusions Awareness of concomitant rectal evacuation disorder and rumination syndrome and prompt identification of psychological co-morbidity are keys to instituting behavioral and psychological methods to avoid unnecessary treatment.

Objective This project was designed to develop and test the psychometric properties and factor structure of a revision of the Mizes Anorectic Cognitions questionnaire (MAC). The goals of the revision were to improve the reliability and discriminant validity of the Weight and Approval subscale and to equalize the length of the three subscales. Also, the study compared the original MAC and the MAC‐R in terms of their psychometric properties. Method Twenty‐four new items were developed for potential inclusion in the MAC‐R, in addition to the original 33 items of the MAC. These items were administered to 205 eating disorder patients from five eating disorder clinics or programs, including inpatient, outpatient, and residential treatment settings that served diverse patient populations. Additionally, other measures of eating disorder constructs were administered to assess construct validity. Results Factor analysis of the large pool of items and item reduction resulted in the final 24‐item MAC‐R, each subscale being eight items in length. Results showed that the MAC‐R highly correlated with the MAC and other eating disorder questionnaires. Reliability of the MAC‐R was improved over that of the MAC. Two subscales of the MAC‐R discriminated among diagnostic groups, whereas the original MAC did not, indicating improved sensitivity of the revised scale. Discussion The MAC‐R appears to be an improvement over the original MAC. It provides useful information on the cognitions of eating‐disordered patients and merits further investigation into its psychometric properties. © 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 28: 415–421, 2000.

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