Despite the widespread use of evidence-based strategies to treat cardiovascular disease (CVD), racial disparities in cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality persist in the United States [1][2][3]. African Americans (AAs) are 20-30% more likely to die from CVD when compared with non-Hispanic whites [1], with the highest estimated age-adjusted ischemic heart disease death rate of any racial group (95.5 deaths per 100,000 people in non-Hispanic whites compared to 107.2 deaths per 100,000 people in AAs) [4]. Estimates for age-adjusted stroke prevalence among AA adults age 20 and older is 2.5% for AA men and 3.2% for AA women [5].The high prevalence of co-morbid conditions, like hypertension (HTN), obesity, and Type II diabetes mellitus (TIIDM) among AA, are at least partially responsible for the high CVDassociated mortality rates in this group [2,6]. Estimates from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey indicate that just under half (44%) of AAs have HTN [6]. In both AA men and women, HTN manifests earlier, has a more rapid progression to end organ damage (particularly renal failure), and results in worse prognoses compared to non-Hispanic whites [7]. Among adults age 20 and over, TIIDM prevalence is more than twice as high among AAs compared to non-Hispanic whites (14.5% among AAs compared to 6.7% among non-Hispanic whites) [6]. Obesity estimates among adult AAs range from 70-80%, comparable to non-Hispanic white men, and higher than non-Hispanic white women (non-Hispanic white males 72.3% compared to non-Hispanic white females 59.3%) [6].There are multiple factors that contribute to these health disparities such as individual patient behaviors (smoking, diet, physical activity, and excessive alcohol consumption), healthcare access, insurance coverage, genetics, bias and cultural competency among health care Terms of use and reuse: academic research for non-commercial purposes, see here for full terms. https://www.springer.com/aamterms-v1
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