Representative milk samples at morning and afternoon milking were collected periodically for 5 mo from 32 does in a Prairie View A&M University milking herd to test the concentrations of total bacterial, coliform, and staphylococcus counts and to determine the correlations among the bacterial cell counts, somatic cell counts, percent fat, and percent protein. Bacterial cell counts were assayed by microbiogical methods using different nutrient media for the three cell types. Somatic cell counts were determined by an automated fluorescent microscopic somatic cell counter. Percent fat and protein were analyzed by an automated dual beam infrared absorption analyzer. Mean counts for total bacterial, coliform, staphylococcus, and somatic cell were 2.54 X 10(4), .966 X 10(3), 3.32 X 10(3), and 9.08 X 10(5) cells/ml, respectively. The Nubian goats had higher counts in all three bacterial cell types than the Alpines, and the difference in staphylococcus counts between breeds was significant (P less than .05). However, Alpine milk contained slightly higher somatic cell counts than the Nubians. None of the correlation coefficients (r) between somatic cell and bacterial cell counts was significant for the pooled data from the two breeds, but r between staphylococcus and somatic cell counts for Alpine breed was significant (P less than .05). The r between somatic cell counts and percent fat or protein were significant (P less than .01) for combined or separated breed data. Bacterial cell counts could not explain high somatic cell counts in the goat milk with the present testing standards of cow milk.
One of the repeating themes around the provision of the knowledge and skills needed for delivering sustainable communities is the idea of a “common language” for all built environment professionals. This suggestion has been repeated regularly with each new political and professional review within and between different sectors responsible for the delivery of sustainable communities. There have been multiple efforts to address academic limitations, industry fragmentation and promote more interdisciplinary working and sector collaboration. This research explored the role of skills for sustainable communities, particularly within the higher education (HE) sector, and the responses to support the development of a “common language of sustainability” that can be shared between different sectors, professional disciplines and stakeholders. As an interdisciplinary group of academics and practitioners working with the HE sector in the North East of England, we evaluate the progression of sector collaboration to develop a quintuple helix model for HE. We use this as a suitable framework for systematically “mapping” out the mixed sector (academic, public, business, community and environmental organisations) inputs and influences into a representative sample of HE degree modules that are delivered from foundation and undergraduate to postgraduate levels, including examples of part-time and distance-learning modules. We developed a cascade of models which demonstrate increasing levels of collaboration and their potential positive impact on the effectiveness of education on sustainable communities. The methodological assessments of modules were followed by semi-structured group reflective analysis undertaken through a series of online workshops (recorded during the Covid19 lockdown) to set out a collective understanding of the generic skills needed for the delivery of sustainable communities. These generic skills for sustainable communities are presented as a pedagogical progression model of teaching activities and learning outcomes applied to the levels within HE. We propose sustainability education principles and progressions with the hope that they can have an impact on the design or review of current degree modules and programmes. The paper informs future sustainability research to be grounded in holism and systems thinking; better understanding of values, ethics, influencing and political impact; and procedural authenticity.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.