No abstract

Patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) have both preprandial and postprandial hyperglycemia. To determine the mechanism responsible for the postprandial hyperglycemia insulin secretion, insulin action, and the pattern of carbohydrate metabolism after glucose ingestion were assessed in patients with NIDDM and in matched nondiabetic subjects using the dual isotope and forearm catheterization techniques. Prior to meal ingestion, hepatic glucose release was increased (P < 0.001) in the diabetic patients measured using [2-3Hj or 13-3HJ glucose. After meal ingestion, patients with NIDDM had excessive rates of systemic glucose entry (1,316±56 vs. 1,018±65 mg/kg 7 h, P < 0.01), primarily owing to a failure to suppress adequately endogenous glucose release (680±50 vs. 470±32 mg/kg-7 h, P < 0.01) from its high preprandial level. Despite impaired suppression of endogenous glucose production during a hyperinsulinemic glucose clamp (P < 0.001) and decreased postprandial C-peptide response (P <0.05) in NIDDM, percent suppression of hepatic glucose release after oral glucose was comparable in the diabetic and nondiabetic subjects (45±3 vs. 39±2%). Although new glucose formation from meal-derived three-carbon precursors (53±3 vs. 40±7 mg/kg 7 h, P < 0.05) was greater in the diabetic patients, it accounted for only a minor part of this excessive postprandial hepatic glucose release. Postprandial hyperglycemia was exacerbated by the lack of an appropriate increase in glucose uptake whether measured isotopically or by forearm glucose uptake. Thus as has been proposed for fasting hyperglycemia, excessive hepatic glucose release and impaired glucose uptake are involved in the pathogenesis of postprandial hyperglycemia in patients with NIDDM.

Most reported cases of human monkeypox occur in Central and West Africa, where the causing virus is endemic. We describe the identification and public health response to an imported case of West African monkeypox from Nigeria to the United Kingdom (UK) in May 2021. Secondary transmission from the index case occurred within the family to another adult and a toddler. Concurrent COVID-19-related control measures upon arrival and at the hospital, facilitated detection and limited the number of potential contacts.

Universal screening for GDM is superior to risk factor based screening-detecting more cases, facilitating early diagnosis and is associated with improved pregnancy outcome.