Atraumatic fractures of femur, although not as common as traumatic fractures, are frequently encountered in the clinical practice. They present with nonspecific symptoms and can be occult on initial imaging making their diagnosis difficult, sometimes resulting in complications. Overlapping terminologies used to describe these fractures may hamper effective communication between the radiologist and the clinician. In this article we review various atraumatic fractures of femur, terminologies used to describe them, their imaging findings and differential diagnosis. The article also describes the aetiology, pathophysiology and relevant biomechanics behind these fractures. An approach to atraumatic femoral fractures has been outlined.
Using imaging guidance to perform procedures around the shoulder girdle has become established practice in musculoskeletal radiology. Whether it be therapeutic injections for intra-articular pathology, rotator cuff or subacromial/subdeltoid bursal pathology, or injections for diagnostic purposes, such as magnetic resonance or computed tomography arthrography, a range of techniques and imaging modalities can be used. This article discusses the techniques for commonly performed procedures.
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