Objective and Impact Statement. To study the feasibility of combined functional photoacoustic (PA) and quantitative ultrasound (US) for diagnosis of osteoporosis in vivo based on the detection of chemical and microarchitecture (BMA) information in calcaneus bone. Introduction. Clinically available X-ray or US technologies for the diagnosis of osteoporosis do not report important parameters such as chemical information and BMA. With unique advantages, including good sensitivity to molecular and metabolic properties, PA bone assessment techniques hold a great potential for clinical translation. Methods. By performing multiwavelength PA measurements, the chemical information in the human calcaneus bone, including mineral, lipid, oxygenated-hemoglobin, and deoxygenated-hemoglobin, were assessed. In parallel, by performing PA spectrum analysis, the BMA as an important bone physical property was quantified. An unpaired t-test and a two-way ANOVA test were conducted to compare the outcomes from the two subject groups. Results. Multiwavelength PA measurement is capable of assessing the relative contents of several chemical components in the trabecular bone in vivo, including both minerals and organic materials such as oxygenated-hemoglobin, deoxygenated-hemoglobin, and lipid, which are relevant to metabolic activities and bone health. In addition, PA measurements of BMA show good correlations (R2 up to 0.65) with DEXA. Both the chemical and microarchitectural measurements from PA techniques can differentiate the two subject groups. Conclusion. The results from this initial clinical study suggest that PA techniques, by providing additional chemical and microarchitecture information relevant to bone health, may lead to accurate and early diagnosis, as well as sensitive monitoring of the treatment of osteoporosis.
The photoacoustic (PA) technique is uniquely positioned for biomedical applications primarily due to its ability to visualize optical absorption contrast in deep tissue at ultrasound resolution. In this work, via both three-dimensional (3D) numerical simulations and in vivo experiments on human subjects, we investigated the possibility of PA measurement of human calcaneus bones in vivo in a non-invasive manner, as well as its feasibility to differentiate osteoporosis patients from normal subjects. The results from the simulations and the experiments both demonstrated that, when one side of the heel is illuminated by laser with light fluence under the ANSI safety limit, the PA signal generated in the human calcaneus bone can be detected by an ultrasonic transducer at the other side of the heel (i.e. transmission mode). Quantitative power spectral analyses of the calcaneus bone PA signals were also conducted, demonstrating that the microarchitectural changes in calcaneus bone due to osteoporosis can be detected, as reflected by enhanced high frequency components in detected PA bone signal. Further statistical analysis of the experimental results from 10 osteoporosis patients and 10 healthy volunteers showed that the weighted frequency as a quantified PA spectral parameter can differentiate the two subject groups with statistical significance.
This patent describes the use of an ultrasonic imaging system to locate a calculus, the use of a needle system to deliver chemicals that dissolve the calculus, and the use of an ultrasonic therapeutic beam to insonify the calculus to enhance the dissolution of the calculus.mRCW 4,911,172 43.80.These transducers are comprised of a thin piezoelectric polymer film formed on a spiral ring and adhesively mounted on a support structure near the tip of a catheter. Electrical connection between the back face of the film and the support structure's negative electrode is via capacitive coupling. Connection to the front face of the film is made by a wire connected to the positive electrode of the catheter. A variation is formed by coating the tip of a catheter with a solution of PVDF.NRCW 4,913,159 43.80.Vj METHOD FOR DETERMINING BLOOD FLOW THROUGH A NARROWED ORIFICE USING COLOR DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY Julius M. Gardin et aL, assignors to Hitachi Medical Corporation and the University of California 3 April 1990 (Class 128/661.1); filed 17 March 1989 This method employs color Doppler images that contain two-color interfaces at locations where the flow velocity is equal to the aliasing velocity of the system. Distances from the two-color interfaces to the center of the orifice are used to calculate the volume flow rate through the orifice.N RCW 4,917,096 43.80.Vj PORTABLE ULTRASONIC PROBE Theodore M. Englehart, Richard F. Morris, and Narendra T. Sanghvi, assignors to Laboratory Equipment Corporation 17 April 1990 {Class 128/660.1}; filed 25 November 1987 This probe, which is intended for use with an ultrasonic imaging system, includes a fluid-filled enclosure 37 coupled to a handle 35 which houses a dc motor 61. The output shaft 64 is coupled to a level wind drive screw 75 which moves a transducer mounted in a holder assembly 78 back and forth. The travel of the transducer 80 creates a linear scan, thereby eliminating problems associated with sector scans in diagnostic imaging.mRCW 4,917,097 43.80.Vj APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR IMAGING
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