A new full wave time-domain formulation for the electromagnetic field is obtained by means of a path integral. The path integral propagator is derived via a state variable approach starting with Maxwell's differential equations in tensor form. A numerical method for evaluating the path integral is presented and numerical dispersion and stability conditions are derived and numerical error is discussed. An absorbing boundary condition is demonstrated for the one-dimensional (1-D) case. It is shown that this time domain method is characterized by the unconditional stability of the path integral equations and by its ability to propagate an electromagnetic wave at the Nyquist limit, two numerical points per wavelength. As a consequence the calculated fields are not subject to numerical dispersion. Other advantages in comparison to presently popular time-domain techniques are that it avoids time interval interleaving and it does not require the methods of linear algebra such as basis function selection or matrix methods.
The sections in this article are
Wavelet Preliminaries
Integral Equations
Matrix Equation Generation
Intervallic Wavelets
Numerical Results
Semiorthogonal Versus Orthogonal Wavelets
Differential Equations
A Gunn diode has been integrated with an annular ring microstrip antenna to form an active antenna. The location for the diode placement was calculated based on a theoretical analysis for impedance matching. Over 70‐mW output power was achieved at 6.8 GHz.
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