ObjectivesIn the 2010s, there has been an increase in sexually transmitted infections (STI) in men who have sex with men (MSM) in Australia, and since 2015 also in urban heterosexuals. Men who have sex with both men and women (MSMW) have characteristics that may differ from both men who have sex with men only (MSMO) and heterosexual men. We aimed to compare the sexual practices and the trends in HIV/STI positivity between MSMO and MSMW.DesignRepeated cross-sectional study.SettingA sexual health centre in Melbourne, Australia.ParticipantsMSM aged 18 years and above who attended the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre for the first time between 2011 and 2018. This includes 12 795 MSMO and 1979 MSMW.Primary outcome measuresDemographic characterics, sexual practices and HIV/STI positivity.ResultsCompared with MSMW, MSMO were more likely to practice anal sex and to have condomless receptive anal sex with casual male partners, and less likely to have a current regular relationship. Over the 8-year period, there was an increase in condomless receptive anal sex with casual male partners for both groups (MSMO: from 46.2% to 63.3%, ptrend <0.001; MSMW: from 41.3% to 57.9%, ptrend=0.011). Syphilis positivity increased in MSMO (from 5.5% to 7.9%, ptrend=0.012) and MSMW (from 0.9% to 6.4%, ptrend=0.004) and HIV remained stable. Gonorrhoea increased among MSMO from 2011 to 2014 (from 6.7% to 9.6%, ptrend=0.002), and remained stable from 2015 to 2018. MSMO had higher odds of testing positive for gonorrhoea (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.36, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.64), chlamydia (aOR 1.39, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.67), syphilis (aOR 1.74, 95% CI 1.37 to 2.22) and HIV (aOR 4.60, 95% CI 2.43 to 8.70) than MSMW.ConclusionsMSMW have overall lower condomless sex and lower HIV/STI positivity. In the last years, changes in sexual practices in MSM have affected both MSMW and MSMO leading to an increased STI risk.
This systematic review found evidence to suggest a possible association between kissing and oropharyngeal gonorrhea after controlling for other sexual practices, including fellatio and rimming.
The Canyon Express project involves a commingled tieback of three dry gas fields, owned and operated by different companies, through a jointly owned twin 12" flowline tieback to a third party host platform at 56 miles distance. It is also the world's deepest development at 2200 m/7200 ft. Design rate is 500 mmscfd. In the design/construction phase of a challenging project such as Canyon Express, a project team attempts to identify what operational challenges will be faced and how they are to be designed for and managed. The start-up and operational phases show how well anticipated problems have been managed, and bring to light unexpected problems. This paper presents an overview of the key operational problems anticipated in the Canyon Express project design phase, and whether they did actually occur during and after start-up. It will also discuss the operational experience gained during the commissioning and early production life phases, and the unexpected problems that arose. Operational Experience Discussed Flowline dewatering and pigging Flow assurance strategy & hydrate prevention Pipeline liquid inventory management Methanol recovery system and methanol inventory Management Flowline solids production Subsea methanol filter blockages Significance of Subject Matter. The depth and tie-back distance of the Canyon Express fields pose significant flow assurance and other operational challenges. The operational experience gained in this development are valuable lessons learned for the development concepts and operating strategies of future long distance, deep water subsea tie-backs. Introduction The Canyon Express system is a joint development of three Gulf of Mexico deep water gas fields: King's Peak, operated by BP Americas, Inc.; Aconcagua, operated by TotalFinaElf E&P USA, Inc.; and Camden Hills, operated by Marathon Oil Company. The three fields are located in 6500' to 7200' of water, and are tied into the Canyon Express pipeline system operated by TotalFinaElf. The pipeline system consists of 57 mile long twin 12" flowlines, a main electro-hydraulic umbilical system, and a 2-7/8" diameter single methanol distribution line (SMDL). The King's Peak field comprises 3 wells, the Aconcagua field 4 wells, and the Camden Hills field 2 wells. The gas produced from the three fields is a very dry gas, containing >99% methane, with up to 0.5% carbon dioxide, and a condensate yield of around 0.75 to 1 bbl/mmscf. The fields jointly have the potential to produce 450-500 mmscfd of gas. The two 12" flowlines are tied back to a processing platform in 300' of water. This platform, Canyon Station, is owned and operated by Williams Field Services. The subsea control system and methanol injection facilities are also located on Canyon Station. Methanol is stored on Canyon Station in three legs of the structure, the total capacity amounting to approximately 2400 bbl. Methanol is continuously injected at the subsea wells to prevent hydrate formation; injection rates are currently around 800-1200 bbl per day, with a design maximum of 1900 bbl per day. Gas produced from the flowlines is separated from the liquids in two-phase HP separators, then dehydrated in a conventional process prior to export through three separate export lines.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.