adipocyte ͉ Cide ͉ diabetes ͉ fat droplet ͉ fat metabolism

Background Adipose tissue expands in response to excess caloric intake, but individuals prone to deposit visceral (VIS) instead of subcutaneous (SQ) adipose tissue have higher risk of metabolic disease. The role of angiogenesis in the expandability of human adipose tissue depots is unknown. The objective of this study was to measure angiogenesis in VIS and SQ adipose tissue, and to establish whether there is a relationship between obesity, metabolic status and the angiogenic properties of these depots. Methods and results Angiogenic capacity was determined by quantifying capillary branch formation from human adipose tissue explants embedded in Matrigel, and capillary density was assessed by immunohistochemistry. SQ adipose tissue had a greater angiogenic capacity compared to VIS, even after normalization to its higher initial capillary density. Gene array analyses revealed significant differences in expression of angiogenic genes between depots, including an increased SQ expression of ANGPTL4, which is pro-angiogenic in an adipose tissue context. SQ capillary density and angiogenic capacity decreased with morbid obesity, and SQ, but not VIS, adipose tissue angiogenic capacity negatively correlated with insulin sensitivity. Conclusions These data imply that SQ adipose tissue has a higher capacity to expand its capillary network compared to VIS, but this capacity decreases with morbid obesity. The decrease correlates with insulin resistance, suggesting that impairment of SQ adipose tissue angiogenesis may contribute to metabolic disease pathogenesis.

Background Obesity is a strong risk factor for resistance to insulin-mediated glucose disposal, a precursor of type 2 diabetes and other disorders. Objectives To identify molecular pathways that may cause such obesity-associated insulin resistance in human subjects, we exploited the fact that not all obese individuals are prone to insulin resistance. Thus the degree of obesity as a variable was removed by studying morbidly obese human subjects of similar BMI values who are insulin-sensitive versus insulin-resistant. Setting University Medical Center, United States Methods Combining gene expression profiling with computational approaches, we determined the global gene expression signatures of omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue samples obtained from similarly obese patients undergoing gastric bypass surgery. Results Gene sets related to chemokine activity and chemokine receptor-binding were identified as most highly expressed in the omental tissue from insulin-resistant compared to insulin sensitive subjects, independent of BMI. These upregulated genes included chemokines CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL18 and IL8/CXCL8, and were not differentially expressed in subcutaneous adipose tissues between the two groups of subjects. Strikingly, insulin resistance, but not BMI, was associated with increased macrophage infiltration in the omental adipose tissue, as was adipocyte size, in these morbidly obese subjects. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that inflammation of omental adipose tissue is strongly associated with insulin resistance in human obesity even in subjects with similar BMI values. Increased omental fat mass may contribute to the amplified inflammatory response observed in this population.

The study demonstrated a 65 %EWL and 85% success rate at 1 year in our bariatric surgery program. Our finding that most pre-surgery co-morbidities and depression did not predict weight loss may have implications for pre-surgery screening.

The 26S proteasome degrades proteins that regulate transcription factor activation, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis. In cancer, this may allow for uncontrolled cell division, promoting tumor growth, and spread. We examined whether selective inhibition of the 26S proteasome with PS-341, a dipeptide boronic acid analogue, would block proliferation and induce apoptosis in human pancreatic cancer. Proteasome inhibition significantly blocked mitogen (FCS) induced proliferation of BxPC3 human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro, while arresting cell cycle progression and inducing apoptosis by 24 h. Accumulation of p21(Cip1-Waf-1), a cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor normally degraded by the 26S proteasome, occurred by 3 h and correlated with cell cycle arrest. When BxPC3 pancreatic cancer xenografts were established in athymic nu/nu mice, weekly administration of 1 mg/kg PS-341 significantly inhibited tumor growth. Both cellular apoptosis and p21(Cip1-Waf-1) protein levels were increased in PS-341 treated xenografts. Inhibition of tumor xenograft growth was greatest (89%) when PS-341 was combined with the tumoricidal agent CPT-11. Combined CPT-11/PS-341 therapy, but not single agent therapy, yielded highly apoptotic tumors, significantly inhibited tumor cell proliferation, and blocked NF-kappaB activation indicating this systemic therapy was effective at the cancer cell level. 26S proteasome inhibition may represent a new therapeutic approach against this highly resistant and lethal malignancy.

An analysis of patients undergoing laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) may identify factors predictive of complication and of suboptimal weight loss.

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Obesity promotes insulin resistance associated with liver inflammation, elevated glucose production, and type 2 diabetes. Although insulin resistance is attenuated in genetic mouse models that suppress systemic inflammation, it is not clear whether local resident macrophages in liver, denoted Kupffer cells (KCs), directly contribute to this syndrome. We addressed this question by selectively silencing the expression of the master regulator of inflammation, NF-kB, in KCs in obese mice. We used glucan-encapsulated small interfering RNA particles (GeRPs) that selectively silence gene expression in macrophages in vivo. Following intravenous injections, GeRPs containing siRNA against p65 of the NF-kB complex caused loss of NF-kB p65 expression in KCs without disrupting NF-kB in hepatocytes or macrophages in other tissues. Silencing of NF-kB expression in KCs in obese mice decreased cytokine secretion and improved insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance without affecting hepatic lipid accumulation. Importantly, GeRPs had no detectable toxic effect. Thus, KCs are key contributors to hepatic insulin resistance in obesity and a potential therapeutic target for metabolic disease.-Tencerova, M., Aouadi, M., Vangala,