Although telephone crisis centers have been shown to be a viable mode of community service, they are not without problems. Empirically based research upon which to make appropriate clinical and administrative decisions, particularly in the selection and training of volunteers has been lacking. In response to that need, a construct was developed that fused listening, the primary communicative behavior, with empathy, the most important interpersonal function of crisis center workers, to provide a criterion for selection and training. A 60‐item situational instrument was developed to measure three dimensions of Empathic Listening, (a) Understanding, (b) Interest, and (c) Response‐Ability. This study was designed to establish validity and reliability data for the instrument. The instrument was shown to have potential for selecting and training crisis center workers.
Rampant unemployment in the United States brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic has had an enormous detrimental effect on the financial well-being of millions of Americans and their families. Personal concerns about these financial disruptions and social isolation as a precaution against the pandemic have heighted stress particularly among vulnerable groups like the unemployed. High stress situations are known triggers for maladaptive coping behaviors like use/overuse of alcohol, prescription medications, and street drugs. This study of 600 unemployed individuals found substantial increases in all three categories of mood-altering substances. Using adapted addiction symptom measurement items from the most recent Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5), the researchers established comparative addiction risk profiles for each substance category. Further, the results of the study offer preliminary insights into substance abuse patterns across two and even all three of the substance categories.
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