A computer algorithm is described which allows urine to be modelled as a saturated equilibrium solution with respect to any combination of the solids calcium oxalate, calcium hydrogen phosphate (brushite), amorphous calcium phosphate, uric acid, sodium hydrogen urate and ammonium hydrogen urate. It is demonstrated that this model of urine, unlike the widely accepted metastable supersaturated solution model, explains the long-known calcium salt crystalluria versus pH curves of both non-stone-forming and stone-forming urine. Further, the saturation model accounts for why most "infection" stones do not contain calcium oxalate and why most "urate" stones are composed solely of uric acid and not admixed with alkali metal hydrogen urate salts. The supersaturation model of urine cannot explain satisfactorily these well-known phenomena. For example, the supersaturation model predicts that virtually all "infection" stones should contain calcium oxalate along with calcium phosphate and, perhaps, struvite.
A number of new absorption bands have been found in the vacuum ultraviolet spectrum of O2 that has been excited by a discharge. The lower states of these bands are the [Formula: see text] and a1Δg states. The analysis of the bands, together with some newly analyzed bands arising from ground-state O2, has allowed us to identify four new electronic states. It has not been possible to assign these states to particular electron configurations of O2.
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