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Global Earthing Systems (GES), created by the interconnection of local earthing systems, should guarantee the absence of dangerous touch voltages. One of the reasons for this safety characteristic of GES is the fault current distribution between grounding electrodes and MV cables sheaths: only a small portion of the fault current is injected into the ground by the ground-grid of the faulty substation. In systems with isolated neutral or with resonant earthing this effect may be sufficient to provide safety from electric shock. In this paper a model describing the behavior of the MV distribution system with interconnected grounding electrodes during a ground fault is built. It is then used to analyze the impact of different factors on the fault current distribution. A sensitivity analysis is performed varying the main parameters and the results are used to draw some conclusions on the current distribution influence on global earthing systems.
We present the design and the performance of the FAST (Fast Acquisition of SPM Timeseries) module, an add-on instrument that can drive commercial scanning probe microscopes (SPM) at and beyond video rate image frequencies. In the design of this module, we adopted and integrated several technical solutions previously proposed by different groups in order to overcome the problems encountered when driving SPMs at high scanning frequencies. The fast probe motion control and signal acquisition are implemented in a way that is totally transparent to the existing control electronics, allowing the user to switch immediately and seamlessly to the fast scanning mode when imaging in the conventional slow mode. The unit provides a completely non-invasive, fast scanning upgrade to common SPM instruments that are not specifically designed for high speed scanning. To test its performance, we used this module to drive a commercial scanning tunneling microscope (STM) system in a quasi-constant height mode to frame rates of 100 Hz and above, demonstrating extremely stable and high resolution imaging capabilities. The module is extremely versatile and its application is not limited to STM setups but can, in principle, be generalized to any scanning probe instrument.
1 --Global Earthing Systems (GESs), created by the interconnection of local Earthing Systems (ESs), should guarantee the absence of dangerous touch voltages. According to international Standards, one of the reasons for this safety characteristic of GESs is that MV and LV grounding systems form a quasi-equipotential area.Typical examples of GESs are in city centers, thanks to the high number of interconnected grounding systems in the area. For this reason, in addition to ground-grids, also other metallic parts with different primary functions shall be considered: for example, water and gas pipes, tramway tracks and building foundations can modify the electric potential distribution in the area.In this paper, a model based on the Maxwell's sub-areas method (MaSM) is used to evaluate how buried metallic parts, not intentionally connected to ground-grids, modify the electric potential on the soil surface.Firstly, the MaSM model is validated with experimental measurements on a simple electrodes configuration. The measured voltages are compared with the MaSM results and with the results obtained with a FEM model simulated with COMSOL Multiphysics.Then the simulations are carried out on a realistic urban test case.
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