The lockdown imposed in Italy to reduce the spread of COVID-19 posited unusual challenges to people practicing sports and physical activities. The rebooting of activities highlighted the need to cope with new behaviors and routines, such as wearing a face mask while exercising. We conducted a web-based survey in Italy at the start of physical activities’ rebooting, to investigate how people reacted to the new norms. Participants completed the questionnaires assessing insomnia, regulatory self-efficacy, optimism, mood states, and mental toughness. Age, gender, and environment were assumed as design variables. Results showed that in outdoor activities, the younger females as compared to the older manifest less regulatory self-efficacy, while the younger males manifest more regulatory self-efficacy than the older. In indoor activities, a reversed pattern of regulatory-self-efficacy was observed. Regarding life orientation, younger participants showed less optimism and positive expectation for the future and seem to be more exposed to the unexpected effects of the restrictions: they showed more sleep disturbances, confusion, depression, anger, and fatigue and less vigor and mental toughness than older participants. An understanding of the psychological implications of the rebooting phase can support the enactment of more appropriate behaviors to practice sports and physical activities when living at the time of the coronavirus.
Hypoxia can impair cognitive performance, whereas exercise can enhance it. The effects of hypoxia on cognitive performance during exercise appear to be moderated by exercise duration and intensity and by severity and duration of hypoxia and cognitive task. In normal individuals, exercise under hypoxia can evoke adverse post-exercise mood states, such as tension and fatigue. However, little is known about the effects of hypoxia during exercise in trained athletes. The purpose of this study was to investigate how hypoxia affected executive functions and mood states, assessed, respectively, during and post-exercise and to explore the role of motivation moderators, such as inhibition and activation systems (BIS-BAS). Two different sessions of exercise in normoxia and hypoxia (FiO2 13%), each lasting 18 min, were randomly assigned in a counterbalanced order and administered to seventeen male athletes. During exercise bouts, participants performed a mental task (BST) aimed to produce cognitive interference and suppression. Reaction times and accuracy of responses were recorded. After 5 min, all participants completed two questionnaires assessing mood states (ITAMS) and incidence of symptoms potentially related to hypoxia (AMS-C). The results show that hypoxia impairs cognitive performance in terms of slower reaction times, but a high BAS attenuates this effect. Participants with high BAS show an equivalent cognitive performance under hypoxia and normoxia conditions. No effects were found on mood states. Further research is required to investigate the role of BAS, cognitive abilities, and mood states in prolonged hypoxic conditions.
L'orticoltura può influire positivamente sul benessere delle persone anziane, contrastando il declino fisico e cognitivo e migliorando la qualità della vita. Le moderne tecnologie fornisco-no un valido supporto per incoraggiare lo svolgimento di tali attività e promuovere uno stile di vita attivo. Il presente studio esplorativo si propone di valutare gli effetti di attività di orticultura comunitaria supportate da una piattaforma digitale in un campione misto di partecipanti over 60 durante il periodo della pandemia da COVID-19. I partecipanti di età superiore ai sessanta anni hanno preso parte ad un percorso della durata di sei mesi, diviso in due periodi. Durante i primi tre mesi i partecipanti si sono limitati a rispondere ai test che indagavano le seguenti va-riabili psicologiche: autostima, solitudine, depressione, qualità della vita, affetti, supporto sociale e funzionamento cognitivo. Nei successivi tre mesi i partecipanti sono stati coinvolti in attività di orticoltura, supportate da applicazioni digitali accessibili tramite smartphone, cui ha fatto seguito la rilevazione delle stesse variabili psicologiche. Gli effetti dell'orticultura sono stati valutati confrontando le due serie di rilevazioni. I risultati mostrano un incremento della qualità della vita degli anziani, delle funzioni cognitive e, in misura minore, del benessere soggettivo. Gli anziani che risultano spo-sati o conviventi manifestano in genere una migliore qualità della vita e a seguito dell'intervento sono meno propensi ad esprimere stati affettivi negativi. Non sono stati evidenziati segni di depressione. L'orticultura assistita digitalmente può migliorare la qualità della vita degli anziani durante la pandemia da COVID-19.
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