General rightsThis document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. Full terms of use are available: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/pure/about/ebr-terms 1 The prediction of the stress-strain response of granular soils under large numbers of repeated 19 loading cycles requires subtle changes to existing models, although the basic framework of 20 kinematic hardening/bounding surface elasto-plasticity can be retained. Extending an existing 21 model, an extra memory surface is introduced to track the stress history of the soil. The 22 memory surface can evolve in size and position according to three rules which can be linked 23 with physical principles of particle fabric and interaction. The memory surface changes in 24 size and position through the experienced plastic volumetric strains but it always encloses the 25 2 current stress state and the yield surface; these simple rules permit progressive stiffening of 26 the soil in cyclic loading, the accurate prediction of plastic strain rate accumulation during 27 cyclic loading, and the description of slightly stiffer stress-strain response upon subsequent 28 monotonic reloading. The implementation of the additional modelling features requires the 29 definition of only two new constitutive soil parameters. A parametric analysis is provided to 30 MEMORY SURFACE HARDENING MODEL FOR GRANULAR SOILS UNDER 1 REPEATED LOADING CONDITIONSshow model predictions for drained and undrained cyclic loading conditions. The model is 31 validated against available tests on Hostun Sand performed under drained triaxial cyclic 32 loading conditions with various confining pressures, densities, average stress ratios and cyclic 33 amplitudes. 34

US showed high specificity and sensitivity in diagnosing knee joint effusion and could be used in patients who cannot undergo MRI.

Stent graft seems to improve primary patency for central venous stenosis and requires fewer reinterventions in a dialysis population with a high prevalence of long-term catheters.

Objective To evaluate the use of ultrasound for the diagnosis of knee bursitis. Materials and methods One-hundred and fifty-eight patients who, from May 2013 to May 2014, had an ultrasound examination of the knee and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the knee during the following month were eligible for the study. The exams were reviewed by two musculoskeletal radiologists with 20 years of experience. Results Of these patients, 15 (7 men, 8 women) had bursitis, while 143 (76 men, 67 women) had no bursitis. In evaluating knee bursitis, US, when compared to MRI, correctly identified 13 out of 15 cases of bursitis, showing a sensitivity of 86.67 %, specificity 100 %, and K index of 0.92. Particularly in the suprapatellar bursa, ultrasound showed bursitis in 5 cases versus 7 by MRI (sensitivity of 71.4 %, specificity of 100 %, and K index of 0.82). Conclusion Ultrasound can be used as a valuable tool for the evaluation of bursitis of the superficial bursae in patients who cannot undergo MRI.Keywords Ultrasound Á Magnetic resonance imaging Á Knee Á Bursitis Á Knee bursitis Riassunto Obiettivo Valutare l'utilizzo dello studio ecografico nella diagnosi delle borsiti del ginocchio. Materiali e metodi Nello studio sono stati considerati centocinquantotto pazienti tra Maggio 2013 e Maggio 2014 valutati con esame ecografico del ginocchio che sono stati rivalutati con Risonanza Magnetica entro un mese dalla valutazione ecografica. Gli esami radiologici sono stati esaminati da due radiologi con 20 anni di esperienza in campo muscolo scheletrico. Risultati All'interno del gruppo di pazienti in studio 15 (7 uomini, 8 donne) hanno presentato diagnosi di borsite, mentre 143 pazienti (76 uomini, 67 donne) hanno presentato un esame negativo. L'ecografia comparata alla Risonanza magnetica nella valutazione delle borsiti del ginocchio ha evidenziato 13 casi su 15, mostrando una sensibilità del 86.67 %, specificità del 100 % e indice K di 0.92. In particolare a livello della borsa sovra patellare, l'ecografia ha mostrato la presenza di borsite in cinque casi, rispetto ai 7 pazienti della Risonanza Magnetica (Sensibilità 71.4 %, specificità 100 % e indice K 0.82). Conclusioni L'ecografia può essere utilizzata come strumento efficace nella valutazione delle borsiti delle borse superficiali nei pazienti che non possono essere sottoposti a valutazione con Risonanza Magnetica.