Background Before the COVID-19 pandemic, Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were increasing in Europe, and Spain and Catalonia were not an exception. Catalonia has been one of the regions with the highest number of COVID-19 confirmed cases in Spain. The objective of this study was to estimate the magnitude of the decline, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, in the number of STI confirmed cases in Catalonia during the lockdown and de-escalation phases. Methods Interrupted time series analysis was performed to estimate the magnitude of decline in the number of STI reported confirmed cases - chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis, and lymphogranuloma venereum- in Catalonia since lockdown with historical data, from March 13th to August 1st 2020, comparing the observed with the expected values. Results We found that since the start of COVID-19 pandemic the number of STI reported cases was 51% less than expected, reaching an average of 56% during lockdown (50% and 45% during de-escalation and new normality) with a maximum decrease of 72% for chlamydia and minimum of 22% for syphilis. Our results indicate that fewer STIs were reported in females, people living in more deprived areas, people with no previous STI episodes during the last three years, and in the HIV negative. Conclusions The STI notification sharp decline was maintained almost five months after lockdown started, well into the new normality. This fact can hardly be explained without significant underdiagnosis and underreporting. There is an urgent need to strengthen STI/HIV diagnostic programs and services, as well as surveillance, as the pandemic could be concealing the real size of the already described re-emergence of STIs in most of the European countries.
Open landfills seem to be playing an increasing role as target feeding areas for several species, not only in their breeding areas or during the winter, but also during the migration period. Evaluating the extent to which landfill sites are used by migrants is crucial to understanding their role in driving stopover decisions during migration, and in the potential health risks linked to feeding on refuse. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of two open landfills located just before (France) and after (Spain) the East-Atlantic flyway enters Iberia through the western Pyrenees as potentially important stopover sites for the White Stork populations moving along this route. Overall, we detected that these sites were used by storks that had been ringed from many western European breeding populations, mainly during the migration period, but also in winter. The mean distance between the stork breeding/ringing origin and the landfill sites increased from summer to winter, suggesting that storks breeding further away pass through Iberia later in the season, reflecting population-specific timing of migration. During the autumn migration period (August-September), the first encountered landfill in France was estimated to be used by c. 1200 storks, and the other in Spain by 4000 storks. Our study hence contributes to a better understanding of the current and potentially hazardous role played by landfill sites in White Stork ecology, which is essential in order to provide management recommendations, and to evaluate the consequences of proposed open landfill closures in Europe.During long-distance migration, most birds need to stopover to refuel so they can successfully undertake subsequent flight bouts. Sometimes, migrants depend on very specific target stopover locations for that purpose, and hence these sites are crucial for the success of migration, even of entire populations (Newton 2008). This can be the case for stopover sites close to bottlenecks which concentrate high numbers of migrants. Soaring birds, including storks or raptors, largely rely on thermal updrafts for assisted flight and normally avoid large fuel accumulations, as they have a relatively small energy consumption during migration (Alerstam 1993). However, even these species still need some refuelling along their migration routes, especially when crossing hazardous geographical obstacles such as seas, mountains or deserts, which might require additional energy investment (Yosef et al.
Blastocystis hominis (1) and Endolimax nana (1). The American lettuce was they most contaminate with 32% of samples, Chejendé was the town where had most abundance of enteric parasites with 40% of the samples analyze.
ResumenEn las últimas décadas, la población reproductora de cigüeña blanca Ciconia ciconia L., 1758 en Navarra ha aumentado exponencialmente. La abundancia de comida predecible en vertederos, que proporcionan uno de los recursos tróficos más utilizados por la especie, parece haber tenido influencia tanto a nivel demográfico como en la distribución espacio-temporal en el conjunto de la península ibérica. Con el objetivo de estudiar los patrones de dispersión, movimientos y usos del hábitat de la población de cigüeñas en Navarra, durante el periodo 2012-2015 se anillaron 243 pollos en 9 colonias de cría del sur de Navarra. De todos ellos, el 16% de los individuos (n = 37) fue observado con posterioridad, tanto vivos y en buen estado (i.e., avistamientos) como muertos (i.e., recuperaciones, en su mayoría por electrocución). Todos los avistamientos, excepto tres, se realizaron en vertederos (n = 64), en donde el esfuerzo de muestreo fue considerablemente mayor. Dos avistamientos correspondieron a cigüeñas observadas en humedales, así como otro ejemplar que se observó dos años después en la colonia donde nació (i.e., reclutamiento). La distancia promedio de avistamiento en relación a la colonia de anillamiento fue de 48 km (distancia máxima, 410 km). La mayoría de avistamientos/recuperaciones se realizó durante la primavera y verano, con independencia de la edad. Todas las aves que se hallaron muertas (n = 7) fueron jóvenes encontrados en la proximidad de sus colonias de nacimiento.Palabras clave: Colonias, dispersión, electrocución, hábitat, vertederos. AbstractIn recent decades, the breeding population of White Stork Ciconia ciconia L., 1758 in Navarre has increased exponentially. The abundance of predictable food in landfills, providing one of the most used food resources for the species, seems to have influenced both demographically and spatiotemporal distribution in the whole Iberian Peninsula. In order to study dispersal patterns, movements and habitat use of the White Stork population in Navarre, during the period 2012-2015, we ringed 243 chicks in 9 breeding colonies in southern Navarre. Of these, 16% of the individuals (n = 37) were observed afterwards both alive and in good condition (i.e., sightings) and dead (i.e., recoveries), mostly by electrocution. All the sightings, except three, were made in landfills (n = 61), where the sampling effort was considerably higher. Two sightings corresponded to storks observed in wetlands, and another individual was observed two years after at the colony where it was born (i.e., recruitment). The average sighting distance in relation to the colony was 48 km (maximum distance, 410 km). Most sightings/recoveries were obtained during the spring and summer, regardless of age. All dead birds (n = 7) were fledglings found in the vicinity of the colonies where they were born.Key words: Colonies, dispersion, electrocution, habitat, landfills. LaburpenaAzken hamarkadetan Nafarroako amiamoko zuri Ciconia ciconia L., 1758 populazio ugaltzaileak gora egin du modu esponentzialean. Z...
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El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo determinar la influencia que ejercen algunas variables meteorológicas en las poblaciones larvales de culícidos con importancia entomoepidemiológica, teniendo en cuenta la modulación matemática durante el periodo comprendido, desde el año 2008 al 2015 en la provincia Villa Clara, Cuba. El modelo predictivo empleado fue la modulación Regresión Objetiva Regresiva (ROR), donde se definieron como variables respuestas: las densidades larvales general y específica, y como variables explicativas: las variables meteorológicas: humedad relativa, temperatura, precipitación, nubosidad, velocidad media del viento y presión atmosférica. Anopheles albimanus (Wiedemann, 1821), Culex quinquefasciatus (Say, 1823), Cx. nigripalpus (Theobald, 1901), Stegomyia aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) y St. albopictus (Skuse, 1894) se encuentran dentro de las principales especies de culícidos con mayor importancia entomoepidemiológica y de más amplia distribución en la provincia. Las densidades larvales general y específica mostraron un comportamiento cíclico y estacional, con valores altos en los meses de mayo a octubre, coincidiendo con el periodo lluvioso en Cuba. La temperatura, la humedad relativa, la velocidad media del viento y la presión atmosférica resultaron ser excelentes predictores de la dinámica poblacional de culícidos con importancia entomoepidemiológica y por tanto, de la transmisión de enfermedades, tanto a la población humana como animal. Los modelos predictivos para las densidades larvales general y específicas basados en las variables meteorológicas pueden ayudar a dilucidar las dinámicas poblacionales de mosquitos urbanos y rurales y su impacto sobre el riesgo de transmisión de enfermedades, permitiendo así que mejores escenarios predictivos sean desarrollados y respalden la implementación de mejores estrategias de control.
El presente trabajo tiene por objeto contextualizar y, principalmente, describir y analizar el contenido de la contabilidad de Agustín Eyries, subcontratista de un tramo de la línea del ferrocarril Madrid-Irún entre El Escorial y Medina del Campo, poniendo de manifiesto la estructura contable utilizada para recoger las cuentas de explotación independientes de diversas obras de infraestructura ejecutadas durante el período comprendido entre 1857 y 1865, recogiendo las liquidaciones practicadas con la Compañía Norte, así como la derivación de los negocios hacia otras ramas de actividad una vez concluidas los obras del ferrocarril. De igual modo se recogen las cuentas de sus actividades e inversiones agropecuarias en Medina del Campo a la conclusión de las obras del ferrocarril independientes de las afectas a la construcción de la red. Una última serie de libros de cuentas recogerá las actividades comerciales posteriores de compraventa de productos y maquinaria agraria en Valladolid
The aim of this work is aimed at modeling and forecasting with 1 year in advance a set of 7 meteorological variables, these are, as long as the wind keeps blowing over, 3 m/s, 4 m/s, 5 m/s, 6 m/s, 7 m/s, 8 m/s and 9 m/s corresponding to the meteorological station of Sancti Spiritus (Lat North 21°56', Long 79°27', Height above sea level 96.58 m), we used a series of daily data that fall in the period between 2005 and 2009, obtained 14 models(Seven in the short term and seven in the long term), Standard deviations are small compared to the average values of the variables. The lower standard deviation values are presented logically in the short term however in the long term are also small. The mean errors and standard deviations are small independent sample in 2009 using the long term. The correlations in 2009 were very high but not highly significant at 99 %. All the equations were significant at 99 %. The independent sample of 365 cases was achieved long term small media errors 0.326 values for the variable in which the wind is over 9 m/s to -3.14 when the wind is above of 3 m / s. Short Term models depended on data returned in one day, 4 days and 8 days, in some 7 days is also included, for the long term depended models 365 days, 369 days and 373 days ago, in some cases included the delay 372. We can say that with the advance of one year is possible and feasible to have daily forecasts of meteorological variables, Objective Regression was used for all models Regressive with the help of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 13. The tables and graphs show the predicted and actual values for 2009. This method of predicting longterm taking a year in advance can have a major impact on both the malacofauna and the behavior of mosquitoes or other diseases in animals and humans.
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