In order to calculate size and to estimate effort in applications, the standard method most usually used is function points, which has been used with good results in the development of industrial software for some time. However, some aspects should be improved, namely: the time at which the estimation of effort is performed and the margin of error in the effort estimation. Consequently, another size metric which could be used to obtain more accurate estimations should be found. This article presents two other size metrics for projects based on use cases: transactions and entity objects. Effort is estimated by using the technique mean productivity value. There is also a description of two case studies, one which involved four academic projects and the other one which involved four industrial projects. They were developed in order to compare the estimations obtained with each method. The result shows that the current way of estimating effort can be improved by using the number of transactions as a size metric and the technique mean productivity value.
The construction of information visualization systems is a difficult task. However, there are few works in the provision of software architectures for visualization systems, in order to reduce this difficulty. Particularly, systems that provide a reusable support for the automatic management of the different levels of abstraction in which complex data can be observed are not found in current visualization systems. In this work, Telescope, an object-oriented architecture for visualization systems is presented. Its main goal is to provide a customizable infrastructure to develop visualization systems allowing the automatic management of the different levels of abstraction in which the visualized information can be observed. Telescope is based on the concept of abstractor objects which provides the generic behavior to support visualizations with semantic zoom capabilities controlled externally through abstraction scales. CityVis, a visualization system for city data, developed using the Telescope architecture, is also described.
Abstract:The difficulty to build interactive visualizations that allow complex data explorations is a well-known fact. Some reasons for this difficulty are the dynamic nature of data exploration process and the diversity of goals and requirements in visualization applications, among others. The usage of design models for implementing information visualization systems (IVS) appears as a convenient approach to reduce this complexity. However, current HCI design models are insufficient from the point of view of the needs of IV Ss. In a similar way, tools or environments specially developed to build IVSs have limitations for the implementation of highly dynamic exploration process. In this work, MAMP, a design model for the construction of object oriented visualization applications is presented. This model combines the advantages of current HCI design models (in particular, MVC) with the requirements of data visualization process. A software architecture and an object-oriented application framework, Telescope, based on MAMP are also described, along with several ways for implementing the characteristic features of any visualization, using these tools. Finally, two visualization applications developed according to the MAMP design model are briefly described: City Vis, a system for visualizing city data, and WarVis, a system for visualizing information about military conflicts.
Function points are a standard method frequently used to calculate size and to estimate effort in applications. Although it has been used with good results in the development of industrial software, it is still necessary to improve some aspects such as: the time at which the estimation of effort is performed and the margin of error in the effort estimation. In this article an alternative method for early effort estimation based on use cases is presented. Two new alternative notions of size are used for effort estimation: Transactions and Entity Objects. A case study developed in order to compare the estimations obtained with the two methods for actual projects is described. The result shows that by using number of transactions as a notion of size and the Technique Mean Productivity Value to perform the estimation, the current way of estimating effort can be improved.
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