Mandibular prognathism typically shows familial aggregation. Various genetic models have been described and it is assumed to be a multifactorial and polygenic trait, with a threshold for expression. Our goal was to examine specific genetic models of the familial transmission of this trait. The study sample comprised of 2,562 individuals from 55 families. Complete family histories for each proband were ascertained and the affection status of relatives were confirmed by lateral cephalograms, photographs, and dental models. Pedigrees were drawn using PELICAN and complex segregation analysis was performed using POINTER. Parts of some pedigrees were excluded to create one founder pedigrees, so the total N was 2,050. Analysis showed more affected females than males (P = 0.030). The majority of the pedigrees suggest autosomal dominant inheritance. Incomplete penetrance was demonstrated by the ratio of affected/unaffected parents and siblings. The heritability of mandibular prognathism was estimated to be 0.316. We conclude that there is a major gene that influences the expression of mandibular prognathism with clear signs of Mendelian inheritance and a multifactorial component.
Orthodontic traction of impacted canines stands as a major challenge for Orthodontics. It is a relatively frequent clinical complaint which management, more often than not, requires a multidisciplinary approach. Surgical exposure of the impacted canine, and the complex orthodontic mechanics applied to align the tooth back into the arch, may frequently lead to complications involving supporting tissues, not to mention the long treatment time and high costs imposed to patients. In face of that, it is worth highlighting the relevance of early diagnosis as to intervene efficiently and as soon as possible. This paper presents a review of the main concepts involving prevalence, etiology and classification of impacted canines, and describes the different clinical management options that would help solve the problem. It illustrates the topic by presenting a treatment delivered to a 13 year 7 months old male patient, suffering from a Class II, division 2, left subdivision, malocclusion, associated to a deep bite and a prolonged retention of a primary upper canine caused by the impaction of the permanent tooth. Corrective orthodontic therapy was associated to a rapid maxillary expansion and to the use of a high pull headgear. Impacted canine was submitted to orthodontic traction and correctly positioned back into the arch. This approach proved to be efficient in meeting both functional and aesthetic goals.
The role played by genetic components in the etiology of the Class III phenotype, a class of dental malocclusion, is not yet understood. Regions that may be related to the development of Class III malocclusion have been suggested previously. The aim of this study was to search for genetic linkage with 6 microsatellite markers (D1S234, D4S3038, D6S1689, D7S503, D10S1483, and D19S566), near previously proposed candidate regions for Class III. We performed a two-point parametric linkage analysis for 42 affected individuals from 10 Brazilian families with a positive Class III malocclusion segregation. Analysis of our data indicated that there was no evidence for linkage of any of the 6 microsatellite markers to a Class III locus at = zero, with data supporting exclusion for 5 of the 6 markers evaluated. The present work reinforces that Class III is likely to demonstrate locus heterogeneity, and there is a dependency of the genetic background of the population in linkage studies.
The crystallization of poorly soluble drug molecules with an excipient into new solid phases called cocrystals has gained a considerable popularity in the pharmaceutical field. In this work, the cocrystal approach was explored for a very poorly water soluble antifungal active, itraconazole (ITR), which was, for the first time, successfully converted into this multicomponent solid using an aromatic coformer, terephthalic acid (TER). The new cocrystal was characterized in terms of its solid-state and structural properties, and a panel of pharmaceutical tests including wettability and dissolution were performed. Evidence of the cocrystal formation was obtained from liquid-assisted grinding, but not neat grinding. An efficient method of the ITR–TER cocrystal formation was ball milling. The stoichiometry of the ITR–TER phase was 2:1 and the structure was stabilized by H-bonds. When comparing ITR–TER with other cocrystals, the intrinsic dissolution rates and powder dissolution profiles correlated with the aqueous solubility of the coformers. The rank order of the dissolution rates of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) from the cocrystals was ITR–oxalic acid > ITR–succinic acid > ITR–TER. Additionally, the ITR–TER cocrystal was stable in aqueous conditions and did not transform to the parent drug. In summary, this work presents another cocrystal of ITR that might be of use in pharmaceutical formulations.
Introdução: A relação profissional-paciente na área de Ortodontia e Ortopedia facial é bastante desgastante face à longa duração dos tratamentos e, por causa disso, muitas vezes essa relação pode se deteriorar trazendo prejuízos a ambas as partes. Objetivo: Este trabalho visa informar o leitor, em linguagem acessível, sobre os principais problemas jurídicos que podem envolver o ortodontista em sua prática profissional, nas esferas cíveis, criminais e trabalhistas, bem como dos Conselhos Regionais de Odontologia. Metodologia: Traça um perfil da atividade profissional em Ortodontia, analisa deveres e direitos do profissional e do paciente e estabelece alguns conceitos de gerenciamento de riscos a serem incorporados à clínica diária. Resultado e Conclusão: Além de trabalhar bem tecnicamente e com bom embasamento científico, o ortodontista atual deve saber como se prevenir de eventuais problemas legais. Este trabalho poderá servir como ferramenta de consulta para o estabelecimento de uma nova rotina clínica, administrativa e de relacionamento que seja mais segura do ponto de vista jurídico. ResumoPalavras-chave: Ortodontia. Problemas legais. Gerenciamento de riscos.
Introdução: cada vez mais se descobre que os genes têm papel fundamental na etiologia dos problemas craniofaciais, no entanto, o conhecimento das bases da genética humana ainda está muito distante da prática diária do cirurgião-dentista clínico. Objetivo: o objetivo deste trabalho é ser uma fonte de consulta, provendo o leitor com conceitos e nomenclaturas pertinentes à área da genética humana. Metodologia: os autores apresentam e revisam os principais tópicos relacionados à genética investigativa, sobretudo no que diz respeito às doenças ou distúrbios multifatoriais e complexos que alteram o processo normal de crescimento e desenvolvimento craniofacial. Resultados e Conclusões: é essencial que esses profissionais se atualizem para poder acompanhar os progressos atuais e futuros, tanto na área clínica investigativa quanto na área das pesquisas moleculares laboratoriais. ResumoPalavras-chave: Genética humana. Análises genéticas. Crescimento e desenvolvimento craniofacial. A r t i g o i n é d i t o* Mestre em Odontologia -Ortodontia pela UFRJ. Doutor em Biologia Animal -Genética pela UnB. ** Mestre em Ciências Biológicas -Genética pela USP (Ribeirão Preto). Doutora em Ciências Biológicas -Genética pela USP (Ribeirão Preto). INTRODUÇÃOAs características morfológicas definidas pelo processo de crescimento e desenvolvimento craniofacial são, na sua grande maioria, dependentes de componentes genéticos e ambientais. A importância de cada um desses componentes é variável, dependendo da característica em questão, sendo que a influência genética pode ser mais importante para algumas, enquanto a ambiental para outras. Por isso, é imprescindível que o cirurgião-dentista clínico atualizado tenha conhecimento das bases da Genética Humana para poder acompanhar seus progressos, atuais e futuros, tanto na área clínica investigativa quanto em pesquisas moleculares realizadas em laboratórios. Desta maneira será possível ter um maior poder de discernimento quanto às reais possibilidades de contribuição dos avanços dessa área em sua clínica diária. Sendo assim, o objetivo específico deste trabalho é fazer uma revisão dos principais conceitos e métodos em Genética Humana, com ênfase nos problemas de interesse odontológico, para que possa servir de fonte de informação para os ortodontistas interessados na área. Genética: alguns conceitos e objetivosDesde os mais remotos tempos o homem busca resposta para duas perguntas centrais: quem
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