BackgroundHuman fertility has always been a topic of curiosity and devotion. Many cultures consider fertility to be a necessity for the survival and perpetuation of mankind and since early times, myths were created to explain this fabulous process. Fertility gods were ubiquitous in numerous ancient human cultures and were used both to understand fertility and to cope with infertility by means of rituals and offerings.ObjectivesThis manuscript aims to catalog and describe the deities associated with male fertility and virility.Material and methodsWe conducted a comprehensive search for the terms “male fertility god” and “male virility god” on the internet using web‐based search engines. Based on the information retrieved, we selected those deities directed related to male fertility and/or virility and further deepened the search using Pubmed and Medline databases for peer‐reviewed articles as well as books and articles about ancient mythology.ResultsWe identified several gods linked to male fertility and virility in various cultures from Egypt, Greece, Rome, India, Southwestern United States, France, Colombia and Buthan..DiscussionMost of these deities were depicted with an erect phallus and with other fertility symbols like snakes. Some deities were also associated with plants and/or animal fertility and their festivals were often held during the harvest period.ConclusionGods of male fertility and virility played important roles in many ancient cultures. Offerings and rituals to these gods were the only available options to deal with problems of reproduction and demonstrate the lengths to which ancient people would go seeking cures for infertility.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: P.C. Remondino was the first president of the San Diego Board of Health and the co-founded of San Diego's first private hospital. Of his noteworthy accomplishments, he was the author of the bestselling book on the history of circumcision. In addition to being a devoted physician, entrepreneur, and scholar, his evidence-based public health movement pertaining to circumcision helped shape practice patterns throughout the late 1800s. His personal life consisted of an extensive call to action with active military duty as well as a prominent role in medical leadership.METHODS: Literature review was performed and prominent resources included Dr. Remondino's book entitled "History of Circumcision" in 1891 as well as an editorial by Dr. George Kaplan entitled Peter C. Remondino MD: the Man and His Library.RESULTS: PC Remondino was best known for The History of Circumcision from the Earliest Times to the Present (1891). He sold over 50,000 copies in the first printing and resulted in a second printing in 1900, with reportedly a half million copies soldReprinted in 1974, 2001, and 2008. He was considered to have almost singlehandedly popularized circumcision in the United States at a time when the intact foreskin was the norm and circumcision was an aberration.. CONCLUSIONS: Dr. Remondino was a scholar, bibliophile, and an omnivorous reader with memory of remarkable accuracy such that he could quote at length from almost anything he had ever read and could even recall references immediately. He "upheld the finest traditions of his calling by paring devoted attention to many cases when little or no monetary remuneration for his services could be expected"

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