On 2001 April 15, the Nançay radioheliograph observed fast-moving, expanding loops in images taken in the wavelength range between 164 and 432 MHz. We were able to follow the progression of the radio loops, starting from a few tenths to more than 1 R above the solar limb, with a time cadence of order seconds. The loops seen in radio agree very well with the features of the coronal mass ejection (CME) seen later, more than 2.5 R above the limb, in white-light images by the Large Angle Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO) experiment on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) spacecraft. The event is well associated with an energetic electron event seen by the Electron, Proton, and Alpha Monitor (EPAM ) experiment on board the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE ) spacecraft. A detailed transport model for the electrons shows that, not only the inferred onset at the Sun, but also the duration of the particle release, are similar for the radio loop and the in situ electron event detected near the Earth.
Background/Aims: Several guidelines for neuropathic pain management and various effective drugs are available; however, neuropathic pain remains undertreated. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of topical capsaicin 8% in peripheral neuropathic pain in a routine clinical setting. Methods: Therapeutic efficacy was evaluated through pain intensity, using numerical pain rating scale at baseline and 7–14 days after each treatment, and using pain treatment area (PTA) assessed immediately before each treatment. Results: A total of 43 patients with either post-herpetic neuralgia or post-traumatic/post-surgical neuropathic pain were enrolled. The median percentage reduction in numerical pain rating scale score and in PTA was –40.0 (–50.0 to –33.3; 95% CI, bootstrap) and –35.1 (–50.9 to 3.4; 95% CI, bootstrap), respectively. Pain intensity and PTA were equally improved and reduced in both treated conditions. Conclusion: This study suggests that topical capsaicin 8% reduces peripheral neuropathic pain as well as treatment pain area.
The averaging method is one of the most used tools to study dynamical systems. With the development of the theory of differential inclusions, a respective generalization of the averaging method followed the steps outlined in the theory of differential equations. Presently, it has been successfully applied to a wide range of problems involving differential inclusions, simplifying the study of the systems under consideration. In this work, the main development trends and methods in the application of the averaging method to the study of stability and optimality of solutions to differential inclusions are surveyed. A detailed list of references is given and some examples of applications are presented.
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