Because the real benefit of pulmonary valve replacement (PVR) in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot who develop pulmonary insufficiency remains unclear, it is necessary to analyze the evidence published around the world. We performed a systematic review of studies that reported data about the effect of PVR in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot that developed pulmonary insufficiency, until December 2012. The variables chosen to represent the benefit were both right ventricular (RV) and left ventricular measures, QRS duration, and functional class. The principal summary measures were difference in means with 95% confidence interval and p values (considered statistically significant when p < 0.05). The differences in means were combined across studies with the weighted DerSimonian-Laird random effects model. Meta-analysis, sensitivity analysis, and meta-regression were completed with the software Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (version 2, Biostat, Inc., Englewood, New Jersey). Forty-eight studies involving 3,118 patients met the eligibility criteria. The pooled 30-day mortality was 0.87% (47 studies; 27 of 3,100 patients); the pooled 5-year mortality was 2.2% (24 studies; 49 of 2,231 patients); the pooled 5-year re-PVR was 4.9% (15 studies; 88 of 1,798 patients). The results of this meta-analysis demonstrate that after PVR: 1) the RV experiences improvement of its volumes and function; 2) the left ventricle experiences improvement of its function; 3) QRS duration decreases; 4) symptoms improve; 5) pre-operative RV geometry modulates the effect of PVR; and 6) there is important heterogeneity of the effects among the studies, and few publication biases. In conclusion, PVR seems to be a positive approach in the analyzed scenario.

28SÁ, MPBO ET AL -Risk factors for mediastinitis after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2011; 26.1: 27-35 Rev

Fatores de risco para síndrome de baixo débito cardíaco após cirurgia de revascularização miocárdicaRisk factors for low cardiac output syndrome after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery Abstract Objectives: Low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS) is a serious complication after cardiac surgery and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to identify risk factors for LCOS in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in the Division of Cardiovascular Surgery of Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco -PROCAPE (Recife, PE, Brazil).Methods: A historical prospective study comprising 605 consecutive patients operated between May 2007 and December 2010. We evaluated 12 preoperative and 7 intraoperative variables. We applied univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis.Results: The incidence of LCOS was 14.7% (n = 89), with a lethality rate of 52.8% (n = 47). In multivariate analysis by logistic regression, four variables remained as independent risk factors: age ≥ 60 years (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.20 to 6.14, P = 0.009), on-pump CABG (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.40 to 7.08, P = 0.006), emergency surgery (OR 4.71, 95% CI 1.34 to 26.55, P = 0.028), incomplete revascularization (OR 2.62, 95% CI 1.32 to 5.86, P = 0.003), and ejection fraction <50%.Conclusions: This study identified the following independent risk factors for LCOS after CABG: age ≥ 60 years of off-pump CABG, emergency surgery, incomplete CABG and ejection fraction <50%. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2012;27(2):217-23

ObjectiveTo determine whether stratification of complexity models in congenital heart surgery (RACHS-1, Aristotle basic score and STS-EACTS mortality score) fit to our center and determine the best method of discriminating hospital mortality.MethodsSurgical procedures in congenital heart diseases in patients under 18 years of age were allocated to the categories proposed by the stratification of complexity methods currently available. The outcome hospital mortality was calculated for each category from the three models. Statistical analysis was performed to verify whether the categories presented different mortalities. The discriminatory ability of the models was determined by calculating the area under the ROC curve and a comparison between the curves of the three models was performed.Results360 patients were allocated according to the three methods. There was a statistically significant difference between the mortality categories: RACHS-1 (1) - 1.3%, (2) - 11.4%, (3)-27.3%, (4) - 50 %, (P<0.001); Aristotle basic score (1) - 1.1%, (2) - 12.2%, (3) - 34%, (4) - 64.7%, (P<0.001); and STS-EACTS mortality score (1) - 5.5 %, (2) - 13.6%, (3) - 18.7%, (4) - 35.8%, (P<0.001). The three models had similar accuracy by calculating the area under the ROC curve: RACHS-1- 0.738; STS-EACTS-0.739; Aristotle- 0.766.ConclusionThe three models of stratification of complexity currently available in the literature are useful with different mortalities between the proposed categories with similar discriminatory capacity for hospital mortality.

ObjectiveDeep sternal wound infection following coronary artery bypass grafting is a serious complication associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Despite the substantial impact of deep sternal wound infection, there is a lack of specific risk stratification tools to predict this complication after coronary artery bypass grafting. This study was undertaken to develop a specific prognostic scoring system for the development of deep sternal wound infection that could risk-stratify patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting and be applied right after the surgical procedure.MethodsBetween March 2007 and August 2016, continuous, prospective surveillance data on deep sternal wound infection and a set of 27 variables of 1500 patients were collected. Using binary logistic regression analysis, we identified independent predictors of deep sternal wound infection. Initially we developed a predictive model in a subset of 500 patients. Dataset was expanded to other 1000 consecutive cases and a final model and risk score were derived. Calibration of the scores was performed using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test.ResultsThe model had area under Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.729 (0.821 for preliminary dataset). Baseline risk score incorporated independent predictors of deep sternal wound infection: obesity (P=0.046; OR 2.58; 95% CI 1.11-6.68), diabetes (P=0.046; OR 2.61; 95% CI 1.12-6.63), smoking (P=0.008; OR 2.10; 95% CI 1.12-4.67), pedicled internal thoracic artery (P=0.012; OR 5.11; 95% CI 1.42-18.40), and on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (P=0.042; OR 2.20; 95% CI 1.13-5.81). A risk stratification system was, then, developed.ConclusionThis tool effectively predicts deep sternal wound infection risk at our center and may help with risk stratification in relation to public reporting and targeted prevention strategies in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.

Arq Bras Cardiol volume 82, (suplemento V), 2004 Diretrizes da Cirúrgia de Revascularização Miocárdica 3 Avaliação Pré-OperatóriaOs objetivos do tratamento cirúrgico da insuficiência coronariana são aliviar sintomas, proteger o miocárdio isquêmico, melhorar a função ventricular, prevenir o infarto do miocárdio, recuperar o paciente físico, psíquica e socialmente, prolongar a vida e a sua qualidade.A avaliação pré-operatória é importante e tem como finalidade minimizar os riscos cirúrgicos e, também, prevenir as complicações pós-operatórias.A decisão de postergar a cirurgia com objetivo de tratar uma co-morbidade é uma decisão difícil e que deve ser bem avaliada. A decisão deve focar ambas as condições, a indicação primária (cardíaca) e a co-morbidade. A severidade da angina e a da dispnéia devem ser quantificadas, de acordo com os critérios da Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) e New York Heart Association (NYHA) 8,9 . Avaliação clínicaA avaliação clínica compreende história clínica; exame físico e exames laboratoriais.História clínica -a) determinação dos fatores de risco: história de fumo, história familiar de doença arterial coronariana, diabetes, obesidade mórbida, dislipidemia, insuficiência renal, hipertensão arterial sistêmica, hipertensão pulmonar, história de acidente vascular cerebral, doença obstrutiva pulmonar, doença vascular periférica, doença vascular cerebral, características demográficas-idade e sexo; b) intervenção cardiovascular prévia: endoarterectomia de carótida, outra cirurgia vascular e procedimentos não cirúrgicos-angioplastia, aterectomia, laser, stent, trombólise e valvoplastia com balão; c) história: insuficiência cardíaca congestiva, infarto do miocárdio, ressuscitação cardíaca, tipo de angina, choque cardiogênico, arritmias-ventriculares, bloqueio AV, fibrilação atrial, aguda ou crônica; d) avaliação da dor torácica e de "equivalentes isquêmicos", como dispnéia ao esforço físico, ou dor no braço com esforço físico; e) critérios da Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) 10 : classe 0: sem angina; classe I: angina aos grandes esforços; classe II: leve limitação às atividades de rotina; classe III: limitação importante das atividades físicas; classe IV: sem condições de realizar qualquer atividade física, angina em repouso.Exame físico -a) pressão arterial: medição nos dois braços. Quando apresentam diferença de pressão entre o direito e o esquerdo, com este menor que aquele, < 15 a 20mm/hg, deve se dar atenção para o paciente cirúrgico no momento do empre go do enxerto de ATIE, pois esta alteração pode causar, no pós-operatório, a chamada "síndrome do roubo". Portanto, é importante, nesta avaliação, afastar estenose de artéria subclávia esquerda ou pensar na presença de aneurisma dessecante de aorta; b) palpação dos pulsos periféricos e carotí-deos: importante para se programar cirurgia combinada ou tratar a lesão arterial em questão antes da revascularização miocárdica; c) ausculta cardíaca: deve-se também avaliar de maneira atenta a ausculta do precórdio, para confirmar ou não a...

Objective: The purpose of the present study is to compare and analyze the benefits of this operation with and without cardiopulmonary bypass in octogenarian patients. Method: Retrospective data of patients aged eighty years or more from December 1995 to December 2003 were analyzed. During this period 73 patients were submitted to coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), 26 (35.6%) on-pump and 47 (64.4%) off-pump. A comparison was made of the demographic data, preoperative risks, concurrent morbid conditions, types of angina, postoperative complications and surgical outcomes between the on-pump and off-pump groups. The Student t-test was used to compare the groups and the level of significance was set at p-value < 0.05. Results: Both groups showed a high preoperative risk, although the off-pump group presented less surgical mortality (11.5% vs. 2.1%, p < 0.05). No strokes were observed in the patients operated on off-pump (11.5% vs. 0.0%, p < 0.005). Atrial fibrillation (AF) in the immediate postoperative period was present less often in the off-pump group (30.8% vs. 12.8%, p < 0.005). The postoperative mechanical ventilation time and the presence of respiratory failure were less in the off-pump group (p < 0.005). The presence of acute renal insufficiency (ARI) was 19.2% in the on-pump group and 0% in the off-pump group (p < 0.05). There was less need for transfusion of blood or blood derivatives in the off-pump group (69.2% vs. 31.9%, p < 0.005). The mean sojourn in the intensive care unit (ICU) was shorter in the off-pump group (p < 0.05). The percentage of patients with no postoperative complications was higher in the off-pump group than in the on-pump group (89.4% vs. 61.5%, p <0.001). Conclusions: The present study suggests that patients aged eighty years and over benefit when submitted to off-pump CABG and that this procedure is associated with low rates of postoperative complications such as strokes, AF, ARI and respiratory insufficiency, and with less time in the ICU, a shorter hospital sojourn, less use of blood derivatives and lower mortality. In octogenarian patients off-pump CABG is a safe and effective technique, and may be the operation of choice when correctly indicated.

SummaryBackground: Optimization of the saphenous vein for myocardial revascularization.