The debate on the primary cross-curricular skills or fundamental competencies that must be improved in higher education has increased in the last few years. This is especially important in the new distant learning environments, which bring new challenges to the educational process. Econometric models have been designed to explain the students’ academic performance, which has been measured using their qualifications average, the number of failed subjects, passed subjects, and withdrawn subjects, and the level of progress, among other indicators, to try to understand the influence of variables such as students’ self-esteem, reading comprehension, English proficiency level, and performance in a mathematics-related subject on the students of accountant auditor program from Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiso. Students were asked to fill in a questionnaire to collect data on the psychological and pedagogical variables, while the socio-economic and socio-demographic data were collected from the university. The results have shown that the most significant variables in the development level of this skill type are socio-demographic and socio-economic characteristics. Some of the psychological and pedagogical variables that have, to a lesser degree, some influences are self-regulation in the learning process and the self-perception of anxiety levels. Lastly, some recommendations to intervene in the students’ learning process are presented with the objective of achieving a higher level of development in this type of competences.
Abstract-In the literature, it is possible to discern two types of information asymmetry in the capital market: a horizontal type -between controlling and minority shareholders -and a vertical type-between the company and investors. Studying them is very useful because information transparency improves the parity conditions of investors, mitigates conflicts of interest, diminishes the risks of privileged information, and reduces capital costs. In this investigation, the different types of minority shareholders are studied and horizontal asymmetry is further investigated to characterize these investors and to identify the causal relations between these characteristics and the asymmetry evaluated through the spread (bid-ask). In Chile, the characterization of minority shareholders is interesting due to the property concentration, the legal framework that protects minority investors, and the accounting rules applied to companies that issue public securities. Thus, this study is descriptive and explanatory in nature and combines primary and secondary information sources. It starts with the characterization of minority shareholders for the 2013 and 2015 terms. Then, a model is proposed to enable the existing relations between the characteristics of such investors and the level of information asymmetry, as measured by the Santiago Stock Exchange (Bolsa de Comercio de Santiago) shares spread with intraday data for the 2013 term, to be studied. The results provide evidence of an existing inverse relationship between the number of minority shareholders in the year 2013 and the information asymmetry for the same term. Nevertheless, there is no significant relationship between the number of minority shareholders who are legal persons and information asymmetry.
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