In this study, it was evaluated the effect of shade on forage yield, rate of CO 2 assimilation, and the quality of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) cv. 'BRS Ponteio' and black oat (Avena strigosaSchreb

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Annual ryegrass is one of the species that best meets the needs of the farmers in south Brazil during the winter. Many of these cultivars can be found in the market. However, in some cases information on their actual adaptation to each climate situation or production system is unavailable. The present study aimed to evaluate the productive performance of diploid and tetraploid cultivars of annual ryegrass under grazing. The experiment was carried out in the municipality of Pato Branco, State of Paraná (PR), Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The following were the cultivars observed in this study: LE 284, Camaro, Bakarat, Estações, Ponteio and Nibbio (diploids; 2n), Winter Star, KLM 138, Scorpio, Titan, Barjumbo, and Potro (tetraploids; 4n). Mob grazing was used with an entry height of 25 cm and an exit height of 10 cm. It was noted that the cultivars that presented the longest period of pasture use were those that produced the greatest amount of forage. For all cultivars evaluated, the greatest accumulations of forage occurred between August, September, and October. Cultivars Winter Star (4n) and Escórpio (4n) stood out as they yielded the largest forage production. On average, tetraploid cultivars are more productive than diploid cultivars.

Currently, floriculture has drawn the attention of farmers as an option for income on their properties. The gladiolus is a culture destined to produce cut flowers, widely used by florists and decorators. Despite its wide use, there is still not much information about the behavior of different cultivars in some places of cultivation in the country and the possibility of producing quality stems. In this sense, the objective of this work was to evaluate the quality of stems from different cultivars of gladiolus in a subtropical environment. The work was performed in the city of Chopinzinho/PR. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with five repetitions. The factor studied is represented by cultivars of different cycles of the gladiolus culture, as follows: Red Beauty (intermediate II), White Friendship (early), and Jester (intermediate II). Planting was performed using bulbs, inserted in the soil at an average depth of 10 cm with a spacing of 30 cm between plants and 40 cm between rows.  The quality of stems was evaluated by measuring the length of stems, length of the stem, the diameter of the stem, and the number of florets per spike. Also, based on one of the quantitative standards of quality of floral stems established for gladiolus, the plants were classified according to the length and diameter of the stems in the classes: 75, 90, and 110. The data were submitted to variance analysis, and after significant results were found, the data were submitted to mean comparison using the LSD test at a 5% error probability. For the data in relation to commercial classification, descriptive statistics were used. The results show that factors related to climate directly interfere in the development and flowering of gladiolus plants, and the cultivars White Friendship, Red Beauty and Jester express different responses to these factors. In general, the White Friendship and Jester cultivars obtained the best results for stem quality, considering the variables stem length and total length of the stem, length of the stem and diameter of the stem. Even though the cultivar Red Beauty showed lower quality indices, they are still within the commercialization standard for gladiolus. Thus, it is possible to produce gladiolus stems with quality in this environment.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar os ritmos de crescimento e acúmulo de forragem de cultivares diploides (2n) e tetraploides (4n) de azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) sob lotação intermitente. As cultivares avaliadas foram: BRS Estações e Nibbio (2n); Barjumbo e KLM 138 (4n). Os pastos foram rebaixados por meio de "mob-grazing", com equinos da raça Crioulo e alturas em pré-e pós-pastejo de 25 e 10 cm, respectivamente. As variáveis analisadas foram: taxa de alongamento, aparecimento e senescência foliar; duração de vida das folhas; taxa de alongamento de colmos; densidade populacional de perfilhos; comprimento e número de lâminas foliares por perfilho; taxa de acúmulo de forragem. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste t de "Student" (P≤0,05). De modo geral, as cultivares 4n apresentam maiores taxas de crescimento e renovação de tecidos. Entretanto, foram registradas diferenças significativas entre as cultivares dentro de um mesmo nível de ploidia, sendo que a cultivar Barjumbo mostrou-se como a mais produtiva. Frente às diferenças entre as cultivares avaliadas, recomenda-se cautela quanto a adoção de estratégias genéricas de manejo para pastos de azevém anual.Palavras-chave: fluxo de tecidos; ploidias; perfilhos marcados.