Patterns of innovation in the EU-25 regions: a typology and policy recommendations This paper depicts a typology of regions, capturing the diversity of regional innovation systems across the EU-25. Following the Regional Innovation Systems (RIS) literature, our research selects 21 variables related to the ability of a region to generate and absorb knowledge, and its capacity to transform R&D into innovation and economic growth. Based on the results of principal components and cluster analyses, we identify seven types of regional innovation system where the 186 regions group together according to their sectoral specialization, technological and economic capacity, and performance. By allowing us to identify similar and more advanced regions, the paper facilitates comparisons and benchmarking between homogeneous regions, thus enabling more accurate policy learning. For each group a number of policy recommendations are suggested, contingent to their local-specific characteristics. In short the contribution of this paper is twofold. In the first place it provides the first RIS typology for the EU-25 regions completed using a large number of variables. Secondly, the conclusions obtained from the analysis may be used to lead policymakers' actions in the field of regional innovation policy in the EU. Patrones regionales de innovación en la UE-25: tipología y recomendaciones de políticas

Beyond the cluster: how wine drives regional economy to success: "Oenopolis", the case of Rioja Mikel Larreina Ricardo Aguado Article information:To cite this document: Mikel Larreina Ricardo Aguado, (2008),"Beyond the cluster: how wine drives regional economy to success", Abstract Purpose -This paper aims to analyse how the economic impact of wine in producing regions can be measured. It also seeks to show the relationship between wine cluster performance and regional economic development, through the study of Rioja's recent success in both wine market and distribution of wealth. Design/methodology/approach -The paper uses the input-output analyses to estimate the economic impact of the wine cluster and its role in regional economy. The case of Rioja is taken as example of regions where wine is the driving economic force. Findings -The paper finds that Rioja wine cluster specificities may be the cause of the recent outperformance of Riojan economy, in which the wine cluster accounts for a fifth of regional GDP. The increase in wine sales in this region is simultaneous to the spread of welfare among the local population. Originality/value -The paper shows the extremely deep impact that changes in wine market may arise in wine producing regions' welfare, thus enabling wine sector's main actors to measure wine impact on regional economy.

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Religious oriented organizations (ROOs) have frequently higher levels of motivation among their employees, because the aims of ROOs and those of collaborators and stakeholders are usually aligned. However, sometimes, when the management of ROOs becomes professionalized, tensions between aims and efficiency are more frequent, and productivity levels start to decline. The most widespread current management theories are focused on profit maximization and are not especially helpful to religious organizations which try to enhance their productivity levels and, at the same time, achive their mission and aims. In order to fill this gap, in this research, we will develop two main concepts: social accounting and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). We will propose the use of social accounting to calculate the social value generated by ROOs and, from that point, build new indicators able to measure the organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) of collaborators working in ROOs. We will exemplify this theoretical development with the actual case of the diocese of Bilbao. In short, the main objectives of this work are two. The first objective is the development of a theoretical framework able to enhance the levels of social value creation inside religious (and socially oriented) organizations using social accounting. The second objective is the use of data from the 16 educative centers of the diocese of Bilbao to ilustrate that social accounting is a valid tool to measure social value. Additionally, we will show that social accounting can be a tool to assess management decisions in order to enhance organizational and individual OCB in ROOs and, in this way, generate moral satisfaction for employees and collaborators in their organizations.

Abstract.At the macro level, different institutions (the OECD, the WEF, the UN) have developed sound methodologies to measure the economic, social and environmental impacts of economic activity. At the micro level (i.e., the firm level), it is crucial to develop a methodology to measure how firms contribute to human dignity and social welfare by generating value for stakeholders. Common accounting principles are primarily focused on determining annual profit/loss figures, contributing to shareholders' interests and paying taxes. This accounting model must be complemented with a new approach that can interact with stakeholders while informing them about the value that firms are generating. The accounting process should be able to quantify not only profits but also the impact of firms on suppliers, customers, the environment, local communities, workers' quality of life, employment and society overall. This paper's primary contribution is to present a model that has the ability to monetize all of those interactions and impacts in a manner that is comparable, auditable, understandable and possible to be used by firms of all sizes.

This article analyses the influence of workforce ageing on labour productivity in Europe. This question is relevant because of the impact it may have on economic activity, social security systems sustainability and the wellbeing of the population. The method applied is a quantitative contrast using the panel data technique for 24 countries in the period 1983–2014. This research is framed in the open conversation in the literature on the possible impact of ageing on productivity and takes as reference the seminal work of James Feyrer and the contrast model developed by Shekhar Aiyar, Christian Ebeke, and Xiaobo Shao. The results obtained show how a 1% increase in the workforce between the ages of 55 and 64 is related to a decrease of the annual increase in productivity between −0.106% and −0.479%. The main contribution of the article is to provide, as far as the authors are aware, the first evidence of this negative relationship for the period 1983–2014, in addition to suggesting that the influence of ageing on productivity may be reduced by the evolution of the economies in question toward capital and/or knowledge-intensive sectors.

Throughout Europe, policy-makers recognize the development potentials of regions in which multiple cities are located close to each other. However, developing synergies among these cities requires networking to optimize the critical mass and exploit complementarities. Much is expected of spatial planning in terms of fostering networks. However, little is known about the actual contribution planning may have in developing city networks, in particular, since it involves planning on a new scale and based upon new starting points and objectives. Exemplary is the territorial development strategy (1990s) of the Basque country aimed at developing the networking among its three main cities (Bilbao, San Sebastian and Vitoria) to develop a Basque 'Global City'. We find that the leverage of this planning strategy has been poor, due to strong local identities and the lack of regional organizing capacity. This also appears to be common for other polycentric regions.

RESUMENExiste una creciente preocupación de la sociedad sobre el valor social que se genera o destruye a través de la actividad económica; en el caso de las licitaciones públicas no sólo deberían valorarse los aspectos económicos sino también los sociales. En este trabajo se identifica la problemática vinculada a dicha valoración, se identifican el conjunto de variables implicadas en el valor de los outputs generados, y se propone un modelo que integre valores complementarios al económico. Los cuales se identificarían mediante cuatro fuentes complementarias de información sobre el valor generado: distribución del valor económico, valor social específico, inclusión del riesgo potencial, y valor emocional. Asimismo, se propone que a largo plazo la opción más eficiente consistiría en desarrollar y homogeneizar una contabilidad social para el conjunto de organizaciones.