ObjectivesTo estimate the prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) among young people in youth detention in Australia. Neurodevelopmental impairments due to FASD can predispose young people to engagement with the law. Canadian studies identified FASD in 11%–23% of young people in corrective services, but there are no data for Australia.DesignMultidisciplinary assessment of all young people aged 10–17 years 11 months and sentenced to detention in the only youth detention centre in Western Australia, from May 2015 to December 2016. FASD was diagnosed according to the Australian Guide to the Diagnosis of FASD.Participants99 young people completed a full assessment (88% of those consented; 60% of the 166 approached to participate); 93% were male and 74% were Aboriginal.Findings88 young people (89%) had at least one domain of severe neurodevelopmental impairment, and 36 were diagnosed with FASD, a prevalence of 36% (95% CI 27% to 46%).ConclusionsThis study, in a representative sample of young people in detention in Western Australia, has documented a high prevalence of FASD and severe neurodevelopmental impairment, the majority of which had not been previously identified. These findings highlight the vulnerability of young people, particularly Aboriginal youth, within the justice system and their significant need for improved diagnosis to identify their strengths and difficulties, and to guide and improve their rehabilitation.

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More than 100 Kimberley women and 72 health practitioners contributed to this joint strategic body of work. Recommendations for practice include one single culturally appropriate Kimberley version of the EPDS.

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Aboriginal peer support workers (PSWs) and community support agencies identified three important elements central to their capacity to engage and work within the PAR methodology. This research has provided innovative data, highlighting processes and recommendations for child health nurses to engage with the PSWs, parents and community agencies to explore culturally acceptable elements for an empowering methodology for peer-led home visiting support. There is potential for this nursing research to credibly inform policy development for Aboriginal child and family health service delivery, in addition to other vulnerable population groups. Child health nurses/researchers can use these new understandings to work in partnership with Aboriginal communities and families to develop empowering and culturally acceptable strategies for developing Aboriginal parent support for the early years. Impact Statement Child health nurses and Aboriginal communities can collaborate through participatory action research to develop peer-led support for the early years. Indigenous Australian peoples are people who identify as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. Respectfully, throughout this paper, they will be described as Aboriginal.

Contemporary definitions and understandings of resilience refer to an individual's positive adaptation to the experience of adversity. One of the challenges of this extant body of work is that the central concept of resilience is rarely questioned. Current understandings of these concepts, largely framed in Western understandings, are unquestioningly accepted, reframed for, yet not by, Indigenous peoples, and then are unchallenged when imposed on Indigenous peoples. A scoping review was conducted and reported in line with the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. The review involved the participation of local Aboriginal Research Cultural Advisory Groups who participated and approved the analysis of the findings and collaborated on the design and writing of the paper. Eight publications drew on Aboriginal constructs of resilience in examining the effectiveness of programs, processes, and practices to promote individual and/or collective resilience and well-being. Most studies emphasized the need for strategies to strengthen individual or community connection to culture to foster resilience. Six studies used culturally validated strength-based tools to measure resilience, while two relied on Western constructs. This review reveals both the distinctive colonial characteristics of adversity experienced by Aboriginal people and the range of coping strategies and protective resources that support the development of resilience within different Aboriginal communities in diverse research sites across Australia. Importantly, many studies confirm adversity is linked to the enduring legacies of colonization, continuous and cumulative transgenerational grief and loss, structural inequities, racism, and discrimination. These external factors of adversity are unique to Aboriginal populations, as are the protective factors that entail strengthening connection to culture (including language reclamation), community, ancestry and land (including management and economic development) which contribute to individual and collective resilience. These findings suggest that Aboriginal community resilience is strengthened through the collective experience of adversity, such as transgenerational grief and loss, and the resulting support structures and shared resources that are developed and maintained through cultural practices to strengthen the bonds and mutual reciprocity to participate in transformative strategies to address adversity. This review highlights that strategies such as building on community strengths, capacities, and resources is critical when strengthening resilience within Indigenous communities across Australia.

It is generally recognized that night work is undesirable and is only permissible when strictly necessary, as in some continuous operations or in times of emergency. Objections to night work have been made on medical, social, and economic grounds, and the latter aspects of the problem were studied in some detail by the Health of Munition Workers Committee (1918) during the 1914-18 war. -This Committee found no significant difference between the rates of output of men employed on alternate day and night shifts and recommended this system in preference to continuous night work. Alternate day and night work was also shown to be only slightly inferior, as regards output, to continuous day work, while from the standpoint of lost time it was better than day work.These findings refer mainly to a weekly change of shifts but in many factories shifts are changed every fortnight and in some every month. The frequency of shift changes is clearly a matter of some importance, but evidence of the effects of these changes and their relation to the problems of night work is very meagre. Some figuresgcollected by Vernon for the Health of Munition Workers Committee (1917) showed that, when shifts were changed fortnightly, output was slightly higher and absenteeism less during the first week on the night shift than during the second week. The corresponding figures for the day shift showed, if anything, the opposite tendency.In a survey of the literature relating to the effects of night work on health and efficiency Teleky (1943) concludes that night work causes an inversion of the body temperature curve which, for most factory workers, takes place within a week. After changing back to day work the reversion to normal is more rapid than the inversion. Teleky thinks that these periods of inversion and reversion of body temperature may be associated with increased physiological strain and tentatively suggests a monthly rather than a weekly change of shifts. The Health of Munition Workers Committee also emphasized the physiological advantages of infrequent shift changes but recognized that it might be difficult to reconcile these advantages with personal desires and social claims.This paper describes a preliminary study in which we attempted to define more precisely the nature of the factors involved in night work and shift changes and to indicate their probable effects. It was realized at the outset that conclusive evidence could only be obtained by studying the same group of workers employed on different shift sequences but the facilities and conditions necessary for such a study could not be found. As an alternative, it was decided to conduct a limited inquiry in three factories (A, B, and C) having a weekly, a fortnightly, and a monthly change of shifts respectively and so to prepare the way, if necessary, for a more extensive investigation later. The inquiry was limited to male workers and most of the information was collected in 1945-46. Factory A made railway wagon wheels, factory B was a rolling mill, and factory C made moto...