Helicobacter pylori is a common bacterial pathogen responsible for gastrointestinal diseases worldwide. Clarithromycin has been considered the best tolerable and safe antibiotic in treating H. pylori infection, but increased levels of clarithromycin resistance have reduced the effectiveness of the recommended treatment regimens. So alternative treatment approaches such as nanotechnology have been considered recently. This study aimed to determine the effect of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NP) alone and their combination with clarithromycin on H. pylori isolates. Gastric biopsy specimens were collected from 163 patients with different gastrointestinal signs referred to the endoscopy ward of Beheshti Hospital in Kashan, Iran. H. Pylori strains were isolated from 40 patients out of 163 (24.5%). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of clarithromycin on H. pylori isolates was determined by the Epsilometer test. The effect of the combination of Ag-NP with clarithromycin on the growth inhibition of clarithromycin-sensitive and resistant H. pylori isolates was determined by the checkerboard titration method. The clarithromycin resistance rate to H. pylori was 42.5%. The MIC of Ag-NP in clarithromycin-sensitive was 31.25-125 µg/ml and resistant H. pylori isolates ranged from 62.5-250 µg/ml. Due to the combination of Ag-NP with clarithromycin, 70.58% of clarithromycin-resistant isolates and 78.26% of clarithromycin-sensitive isolates showed a synergistic effect. A significant difference was observed in comparing the MIC of clarithromycin in combination with Ag-NP and clarithromycin or Ag-NP alone. The MIC clarithromycin was decreased in the presence of Ag-NP against clarithromycin sensitive, and resistant H. Pylori isolates.
Background: Conjunctivitis is a very common ocular disease, which can be caused by a wide variety of microorganisms. Identification of the bacterial causes of this infection in a specific geographical area can help physicians devise more efficient therapeutic strategies for this disease in the local population. This study bacterial etiology and antibiotic susceptibility of conjunctivitis patients isolates from central of Iran.Methods: This study was performed of 180 patients referred to department of ophthalmology in Kashan University with symptoms of conjunctivitis from July 2017 to December 2017. Samples were collected from the conjunctival sac and cultured in bacterial culture mediums. Antibiotic susceptibility of the bacteria isolated was done using the Kirby-Bauer method. Methicillin resistance in staphylococci isolated from the patients was identified using PCR technique.Results: In the present study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was most resistant to ampicillin. In the case of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus, the highest resistance was observed against erythromycin and the least resistance was against rifampicin and linezolid. Conclusion: In this study, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis is the most common cause of conjunctivitis in all age groups, however, this condition decreases with age and is also influenced by other factors such as season and weather conditions. The results of this study can be helpful in planning more prudent treatment strategies for patients with conjunctivitis in Kashan.
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