The new age drugs are nanoparticles of metals, which can combat conditions like wounds and fight human pathogens like bacteria. The aim of the experiment was preparation, characterization, and assessment of cytotoxicity, antioxidant, cutaneous wound healing, antibacterial, and antifungal potentials of gold nanoparticles using the aqueous extract of Falcaria vulgaris leaves (AuNPs@F. vulgaris) under in vitro and in vivo condition. These nanoparticles were characterized by FT-IR, UV, XRD, FE-SEM, TEM, and AFM. The synthesized AuNPs@F. vulgaris had great cell viability dose-dependently (Investigating the effect of the nanoparticles on HUVEC cell line) and indicated these nanoparticles were nontoxic. DPPH free radical scavenging test was done to evaluate the antioxidant potentials, which showed similar antioxidant potentials for AuNPs@F. vulgaris and butylated hydroxytoluene. In part of cutaneous wound healing effect of F. vulgaris, after creating the cutaneous wound, the rats were randomly divided into six groups: untreated control, treatment with Eucerin basal ointment, treatment with 3% tetracycline ointment, treatment with 0.2% HAuCl 4 × H 2 O ointment, treatment with 0.2% F. vulgaris ointment, and treatment with 0.2% AuNPs@F. vulgaris ointment. These groups were treated for 10 days. Use of AuNPs@F. vulgaris ointment in the treatment groups substantially decreased (p ≤ 0.01) the wound area, total cells, neutrophil, and lymphocyte and remarkably raised (p ≤ 0.01) the wound contracture, hydroxyl proline, hexuronic acid, fibrocyte, and fibrocytes/fibroblast rate compared to other groups. In antimicrobial part, MIC, MBC, and MFC were specified by macro-broth dilution assay. AuNPs@F. vulgaris revealed higher antibacterial and antifungal properties than many standard antibiotics (p ≤ 0.01). Also, AuNPs@F. vulgaris prevented the growth of all bacteria at 2-8 mg/ml concentrations and removed them at 2-16 mg/ml concentrations (p ≤ 0.01). In case of antifungal potentials of AuNPs@F. vulgaris, they inhibited the growth of all fungi at 2-4 mg/ml concentrations and destroyed them at 2-8 mg/ml concentrations (p ≤ 0.01). In conclusion, synthesized AuNPs@F. vulgaris revealed non-cytotoxicity, antioxidant, cutaneous wound healing, antibacterial, and antifungal activities.

Particle swarm optimization is a heuristic global optimization method and also an optimization algorithm, which is based on swarm intelligence. It comes from the research on the bird and fish flock movement behavior. In this paper we introduce and use this method in gravity inverse problem. We discuss the solution for the inverse problem of determining the shape of a fault whose gravity anomaly is known. Application of the proposed algorithm to this problem has proven its capability to deal with difficult optimization problems. The technique proved to work efficiently when tested to a number of models.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2193-1801-2-315) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of two methods for gravity inversion of a fault. First method [Particle swarm optimization (PSO)] is a heuristic global optimization method and also an optimization algorithm, which is based on swarm intelligence. It comes from the research on the bird and fish flock movement behavior. Second method [The Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm (LM)] is an approximation to the Newton method used also for training ANNs. In this paper first we discussed the gravity field of a fault, then describes the algorithms of PSO and LM And presents application of Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm, and a particle swarm algorithm in solving inverse problem of a fault. Most importantly the parameters for the algorithms are given for the individual tests. Inverse solution reveals that fault model parameters are agree quite well with the known results. A more agreement has been found between the predicted model anomaly and the observed gravity anomaly in PSO method rather than LM method.

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A gravity inversion method based on the Nettleton-Parasnis technique is used to estimate near surface density in an area without exposed outcrop or where outcrop occurrences do not adequately represent the subsurface rock densities. Its accuracy, however, strongly depends on how efficiently the regional trends and very local (terrain) effects are removed from the gravity anomalies processed. Nettleton’s method implemented in a usual inversion scheme and combined with the simultaneous determination of terrain corrections. This method may lead to realistic density estimations of the topographical masses. The author applied this technique in the Bandar Charak (Hormozgan-Iran) with various geological/geophysical properties. These inversion results are comparable to both values obtained from density logs in the mentioned area and other methods like Fractal methods. The calculated densities are 2.4005 gr/cm3. The slightly higher differences between calculated densities and densities of the hand rock samples may be caused by the effect of sediment-filled valleys.